What is *Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me)* about?

*Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me)* explores how cognitive dissonance and self-justification drive people to rationalize poor decisions, harmful actions, and false beliefs. Authors Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson use psychological research to explain why individuals—from politicians to everyday people—double down on mistakes, escalate conflicts, and resist accountability, even in the face of contradictory evidence.

Who should read *Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me)*?

This book is ideal for psychology enthusiasts, professionals in law or leadership, and anyone seeking to understand biases in decision-making. It’s particularly relevant for those interested in social behavior, conflict resolution, or improving self-awareness about rationalization in personal and professional relationships.

Is *Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me)* worth reading?

Yes—it’s a research-backed, accessible guide to why people cling to flawed beliefs. The book offers timeless insights into political polarization, workplace disputes, and personal relationships, making it valuable for navigating conflicts or understanding societal issues like the Iraq War justification or false-memory scandals.

What are the main concepts in *Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me)*?

Key ideas include: - **Cognitive dissonance**: Resolving mental discomfort by justifying actions. - **Confirmation bias**: Seeking information that aligns with preexisting beliefs. - **Memory distortion**: How self-justification alters recollections (e.g., false confessions). - **Institutional self-justification**: Systems like law enforcement perpetuating errors to avoid admitting fault.

How does *Mistakes Were Made* explain cognitive dissonance?

The authors describe cognitive dissonance as a mental conflict that arises when actions contradict beliefs. To reduce discomfort, people distort facts (e.g., smokers dismissing health risks) or blame others. This cycle reinforces poor decisions, as seen in cases like the MMR vaccine fraud or wrongful convictions.

What real-world examples does the book use?

Notable examples include: - The Reid interrogation technique leading to false confessions. - Mel Gibson’s racist remarks rationalized as "not reflective of his true self." - Prosecutors refusing to exonerate wrongfully convicted individuals despite DNA evidence. - Therapists implanting false memories of abuse during the 1990s "satanic panic."

How does self-justification affect relationships?

The book details how small disagreements escalate as partners blame each other to avoid admitting fault. For example, one might justify infidelity by rewriting marital history, perpetuating resentment. Over time, this "conflict spiral" erodes trust and communication.

What critiques exist about *Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me)*?

Some readers find the later chapters overly focused on societal failures (e.g., torture, wrongful convictions) without sufficient solutions. Others note that while the psychology is sound, the dense case studies may overwhelm casual readers.

Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

Кэрол Теврис и Эллиот Аронсон

4.04(28756 Reviews)

Обзор книги Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

Почему мы так отчаянно цепляемся за свою правоту, даже когда ошибаемся? Книга «Ошибки были допущены» с поразительной ясностью раскрывает наши психологические слепые зоны. Это захватывающее исследование самооправдания, высоко оцененное библеистом Бартом Эрманом, навсегда изменит ваш взгляд на собственные решения.

Выберите способ повествования

Одна книга. Множество способов её услышать.

Те же идеи из Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия. Выберите подходящие вам голос, глубину и темп. Меняйте в любое время.

Глава 1

The Blind Spots That Shape Our Lives

Ever caught yourself making excuses for a bad decision? Perhaps you've doubled down on a failing relationship because "we've invested so much time already," or continued pouring money into a money-pit car because "I've already spent thousands fixing it." These seemingly innocent self-justifications reveal a powerful psychological mechanism that affects everyone from ordinary citizens to presidents. "Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me)" has become a cultural touchstone since its 2007 publication, praised by psychologists like Daniel Kahneman and referenced everywhere from The New York Times to HBO's "Succession." The book's enduring appeal lies in its uncomfortable truth: we all twist reality to protect our egos, and understanding this tendency is the first step toward making better decisions, improving relationships, and perhaps even healing societal divides.

Глава 2

The Engine of Self-Deception

When doomsday prophet Dorothy Martin's prediction of Earth's destruction failed to materialize on December 21, 1954, something fascinating happened. Rather than admitting error, she claimed her group's faith had saved the world, and her followers began proselytizing more intensely than ever. Social psychologist Leon Festinger, who had infiltrated the group with his research team, wasn't surprised. He had predicted exactly this response based on his theory of cognitive dissonance-the mental discomfort we experience when holding contradictory beliefs simultaneously. This case became a landmark study in psychology, demonstrating how deeply people will entrench themselves in false beliefs rather than face uncomfortable truths. This dissonance creates psychological pain we desperately try to reduce through various mental gymnastics. The smoker who learns about lung cancer doesn't necessarily quit but instead constructs elaborate rationalizations: "My uncle smoked two packs a day and lived to 90," "Scientists are always changing their minds," or "Air pollution is just as dangerous." The student who cheats on an exam doesn't think, "I'm dishonest," but rather, "Everyone does it," "The professor made the test unfair," or "I needed to pass this class to keep my scholarship." These aren't conscious lies but unconscious self-justifications that protect our self-image and allow us to maintain a positive view of ourselves despite actions that contradict our values. Festinger's theory transformed psychology by challenging behaviorist notions that people act primarily for rewards and punishments. Instead, experiments showed that people who endure painful experiences to join groups value their membership more highly-not because pain is enjoyable, but because self-justification demands it. This explains why fraternity hazing works and why religious rituals involving pain, like the Hindu kavadi ceremony where devotees pierce their bodies with hooks and skewers, create such devoted followers. Similar effects are seen in military boot camps, extreme sports communities, and even expensive luxury brand communities where the high cost of entry leads to stronger group identification. Once we make decisions, particularly difficult or irrevocable ones, we marshal arguments supporting our choice while downplaying alternatives. After Nick impulsively traded his reliable Honda for an expensive Mercedes, he began criticizing friends' cars and preaching about safety features to justify his extravagant purchase. He started noticing every minor repair his friends needed and emphasized the resale value of luxury vehicles, while conveniently forgetting his original practical reasons for owning the Honda. Studies at racetracks show bettors become significantly more confident about their horses' chances immediately after placing bets-not because the horses suddenly improved, but because bettors need to justify their wagers. This same phenomenon appears in political beliefs, relationship choices, and career decisions. This self-justification creates both vicious and virtuous cycles that can shape our relationships and behavior patterns. When we harm others, we justify it by devaluing them, making it easier to harm them again. As Dostoyevsky insightfully observed: "I played him a dirty trick, and ever since I have hated him." This explains why bullies often escalate their behavior and why small workplace conflicts can spiral into lasting feuds. Conversely, when we do something nice for someone, we justify it by seeing them more positively, leading to more kindness. Benjamin Franklin cleverly exploited this by borrowing a book from an enemy, turning him into a friend through the power of cognitive dissonance. This "Benjamin Franklin Effect" has been replicated in modern psychology experiments, showing how small favors can transform relationships through the mechanism of self-justification.

Следите за каждым словом во время прослушивания

Читайте вместе с аудио: каждое слово из Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия подсвечивается в реальном времени.

Глава 3

The Slippery Slope of Moral Compromise

When people face difficult moral choices, they initiate a process that can fundamentally transform their ethical beliefs and behavior. This transformation resembles a pyramid effect: two individuals starting at the peak, making slightly different moral decisions, gradually diverge until they reach opposite corners of the base, each absolutely convinced of their moral righteousness. Consider two identical students confronting the decision to cheat on an exam - one chooses honesty, the other opts to cheat "just this once." Over time, these initial choices lead to dramatically different moral frameworks and self-perceptions. This psychological process explains how fundamentally decent people can eventually commit seriously unethical acts through a series of incremental steps. Each small decision is rationalized and justified, creating a foundation for increasingly problematic behavior. Jeb Stuart Magruder's involvement in the Watergate scandal provides a classic example - his journey began with minor ethical compromises that seemed reasonable within the context of political campaigning, eventually leading to his participation in a major criminal conspiracy. Similarly, in Stanley Milgram's landmark obedience experiments, ordinary participants gradually increased the voltage of what they believed were dangerous electric shocks, justifying each small increment while losing sight of the larger ethical implications. The corruption of medical professionals offers a particularly compelling illustration of this process. Following the Supreme Court's 1980 decision allowing the patenting of living organisms, academic medicine underwent a profound cultural transformation. The traditional emphasis on conducting science for public benefit shifted dramatically toward prioritizing private profit. Universities established aggressive intellectual-property offices, while federal funding declined and pharmaceutical industry support expanded significantly. This shift led to numerous scandals involving conflicts of interest, where companies promoted profitable but questionable drugs, often minimizing risks or exaggerating benefits. Physicians exemplify the psychology of moral compromise, desperately wanting to believe their professional integrity remains intact despite accepting various incentives from pharmaceutical companies. They develop elaborate justifications for accepting small gifts - branded pens, catered lunches, paid speaking engagements, and consulting fees - convincing themselves these minor benefits couldn't possibly influence their medical judgment. However, research consistently demonstrates that physicians are actually more influenced by small gifts than large ones, a psychological principle well understood by marketing professionals and social psychologists. The power of reciprocity operates at an unconscious level, creating subtle obligations that physicians may not consciously recognize but nevertheless fulfill through their prescribing patterns and treatment recommendations. Even bioethicists, who should be especially attuned to these ethical challenges, sometimes fall into the trap of justifying pharmaceutical consulting fees with sophisticated dissonance-reducing arguments. Some claim "objectivity is a myth anyway" or argue that their expertise actually helps companies behave more ethically. As medical ethicist Carl Elliott pointedly observes, these justifications fail to address the fundamental question of how to distinguish between an ethics consultant who changes their mind for legitimate intellectual reasons versus one whose opinions shift in response to financial incentives. This demonstrates how even those trained to recognize ethical compromises can become entangled in the same psychological mechanisms they study.

Глава 4

The Blind Spots We All Share

In 2004, Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia defended his decision not to recuse himself from a case involving Vice President Dick Cheney, despite having gone duck hunting with Cheney on a government plane while the case was pending. When criticized for this apparent conflict of interest, Scalia insisted, "I do not think my impartiality could reasonably be questioned." This exemplifies how blind spots operate-we all have psychological blind spots that prevent us from seeing our own biases while easily spotting them in others. Similar instances have occurred across professions, from doctors insisting they aren't influenced by pharmaceutical company gifts to journalists convinced their personal views don't affect their reporting. Our minds naturally process information in categories (essentially stereotypes), which serve as efficient mental shortcuts but also flatten differences within groups while exaggerating differences between them. This categorization begins early in childhood, with the fundamental distinction between "us" and "them" being hardwired in our brains. By age three, children already show preferences for their own group, whether defined by language, accent, or appearance. These early categorizations form the foundation for later biases and can persist even in people who consciously reject prejudice. Unlike simple stereotypes that can be changed with new information, true prejudice remains impervious to contradictory evidence. Gordon Allport's classic example shows how prejudiced people like "Mr. X" simply slide to another justification when confronted with facts that contradict their beliefs. When told that crime rates among immigrants are lower than natives, Mr. X shifts to complaining about immigrants taking jobs. When shown data disputing this, he moves to cultural arguments. Jeffrey Sherman's research demonstrates how prejudiced people actually pay more attention to inconsistent information-not to learn from it, but to figure out how to explain it away. This "motivated skepticism" leads them to scrutinize contradictory evidence more carefully than confirming evidence. White supremacist groups face this dilemma when potential members discover non-white ancestry in their DNA tests. They either reject these applicants outright or reduce dissonance by claiming the tests are unreliable or part of a Jewish conspiracy. Some groups have even created elaborate pseudo-scientific explanations to dismiss genetic evidence that contradicts their racial theories. Most prejudiced people experience dissonance between their negative feelings toward groups and their desire to see themselves as moral. When emotionally depleted-tired, drunk, angry-these suppressed prejudices emerge, as with Mel Gibson's anti-Semitic tirade during his 2006 arrest or Michael Richards' racist outburst at a comedy club. Prejudice serves as the energy of ethnocentrism, justifying ill treatment of others when they compete with us for jobs, challenge our beliefs, or threaten our status. History shows how prejudice against Chinese immigrants in 19th-century America fluctuated based on economic competition, with anti-Chinese sentiment rising during economic downturns and falling during labor shortages. Similar patterns appeared with Irish, Italian, and Jewish immigrants, demonstrating how economic threats activate latent prejudices. Our best protection against self-deception is surrounding ourselves with trusted critics willing to puncture our protective bubble of self-justifications-as Lincoln did with his "team of rivals." Modern organizations have found that diverse teams make better decisions precisely because they challenge each other's assumptions and blind spots.

Получите больше от Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

Получайте новые идеи каждый день из более чем 100 000 уроков
Слова подсвечиваются синхронно с аудио
Ваша библиотека сохранена на всех устройствах

Глава 5

Memory: The Self-Justifying Historian

Memory serves as our personal, self-justifying historian, ruthlessly destroying information that threatens our self-image while embellishing stories that make us look good. Like totalitarian regimes rewriting history, our "totalitarian ego" rewrites our personal histories to justify our actions and protect our self-concept. Memory isn't like a video recording but a reconstructive process prone to error and confabulation. We don't remember everything but select highlights, weaving together direct recollections with information from other sources into integrated narratives that feel authentic but contain fabricated elements. Parent blaming is a popular form of self-justification because it allows people to live more comfortably with their regrets. We minimize our own responsibility while exaggerating our parents'. Our memories create our stories, but our stories also create our memories-once we have a narrative, we shape our memories to fit it. When teenagers who feel close to their parents recall past conflicts, they remember them as less intense than initially reported; those feeling distant remember conflicts as more bitter than they rated them at the time. False memories can feel emotionally real and develop gradually through identifiable psychological processes. Binjamin Wilkomirski's Holocaust memoir "Fragments," praised worldwide and awarded numerous prizes, was entirely fabricated. The author, actually Bruno Grosjean, a Swiss musician with no Jewish ancestry who never experienced concentration camps, spent decades transforming himself into Wilkomirski. This wasn't calculated fraud but self-persuasion-he genuinely believed his false memories. His transformation began with seeking meaning for his problems. Born to a single mother who abandoned him to an orphanage before his adoption, he rejected this mundane explanation for his panic attacks, nightmares, and physical features. After reading Holocaust accounts, he began identifying as Jewish and "remembering" being in concentration camps. Research shows repeatedly imagining events increases confidence they occurred, eventually creating detailed false memories with sensory components. The more Wilkomirski wrote about his "memories," the more real they became, supported by his therapist and friends who validated his identity transformation from "nobody" to somebody. Millions of Americans believe they've encountered aliens or UFOs. These experiences often occur during sleep paralysis-a common phenomenon where people wake during REM sleep while their body remains immobilized to prevent acting out dreams. About 30% of people experience sleep paralysis, with 5% also having waking hallucinations, typically producing intense terror. When scientist Michael Shermer had a similar experience while sleep-deprived during a cross-country bicycle race, he recognized it as a waking dream. However, people like Will Andrews follow a different path. As Susan Clancy's research shows, once someone suspects alien abduction, they begin searching for confirmatory evidence, which they inevitably find. The process begins with a frightening experience-waking paralyzed with terror-followed by a search for explanations that might also account for other problems like depression or unexplained bruises.

Глава 6

When Professionals Fall Prey to Self-Justification

When clients challenge therapists' interpretations, self-justification often prevents professionals from reconsidering their approach. The 1980s and 1990s saw moral panics around recovered memories and multiple personality disorder (MPD). Adults with no prior trauma memories emerged from therapy believing they'd been molested by parents or tortured in satanic cults. After the 1973 publication of "Sybil" and the APA's official recognition of MPD in 1980, cases multiplied dramatically, with thousands of patients suddenly manifesting dozens or hundreds of "alters." A second moral panic targeted daycare centers, beginning with the 1983 McMartin Preschool case where teachers were accused of satanic rituals and sexual abuse. Though the jury didn't convict in that case, similar accusations spread nationwide, resulting in many wrongful convictions. Children told increasingly bizarre stories of robots, clowns, and public torture that defied plausibility, yet mental health professionals testified to their validity. The mental health field encompasses vastly different levels of training and scientific grounding. Many counseling programs have divorced themselves from scientific psychology, with many practitioners dismissing the relevance of statistics and research. The private nature of therapy creates a closed feedback loop: therapists interpret client outcomes to confirm their existing beliefs. If clients improve, the therapist's methods worked; if they worsen, the client is "resistant" or needs to "get worse before getting better." The recovered memory movement illustrates how therapists' confirmation bias can lead to harmful practices. When patients denied abuse, therapists saw this as evidence of repression, justifying increasingly aggressive techniques like hypnosis or sodium amytal to "recover" memories. While people may intentionally avoid painful memories or experience sudden recall through retrieval cues, the concept of repression-that the mind protects itself by making traumatic memories inaccessible-lacks empirical support. Richard McNally's research shows the opposite: trauma victims typically cannot forget their experiences. As he states, "if the abuse was traumatic, it is unlikely to be forgotten. If it was forgotten, it was unlikely traumatic." Holocaust survivors provide disconfirming evidence, as none have repressed their experiences, though recovered-memory advocates distort such findings. The fundamental problem is the closed loop of clinical reasoning: without control groups, therapists see only confirming cases. Research demonstrates how easily children can be influenced. When researchers used McMartin-style interview techniques, 80% of three-year-olds and about half of older children agreed with false allegations after just brief questioning. More troublingly, these false statements quickly crystallized into stable but entirely fabricated memories.

Следите за каждым словом во время прослушивания

Глава 7

Justice System Blind Spots

When innocent people are wrongfully convicted, the justice system faces a profound challenge to its self-image. Thomas Lee Goldstein spent 24 years in prison for a murder he didn't commit, convicted solely on the testimony of a jailhouse informant with 35 prior arrests and an eyewitness who later recanted. Even after five federal judges agreed Goldstein's rights were violated and a Superior Court judge dismissed the "cancerous" case, prosecutors immediately filed new charges and set bail at $1 million, insisting, "I am very confident we have the right guy." The notion that innocent people are never convicted was once widely believed-one prosecutor told Yale law professor Edwin Borchard in 1932 that it was "a physical impossibility." DNA testing has shattered this comforting belief. The Innocence Project has documented 365 DNA exonerations by 2019, while the National Registry of Exonerations has recorded nearly 2,500 cases where people were cleared based on new evidence of innocence. Conservative estimates suggest 1-5% of felony convictions are wrongful, potentially meaning tens of thousands of innocent people in American prisons. As law professor Samuel Gross noted, if even 0.1% of jetliners crashed on takeoff, "we would shut down every airline in the country." Self-justification drives every step of the criminal justice process, from suspect identification to conviction. When twelve-year-old Stephanie Crowe was murdered in 1998, detectives immediately focused on her brother Michael despite evidence pointing to a schizophrenic vagrant named Richard Tuite. After grueling interrogations, Michael and two friends "confessed" to the crime. Only when Stephanie's blood was found on Tuite's sweatshirt were charges against the boys dropped. Police interrogators are trained to get confessions using psychological tactics that would be considered unethical in normal social interactions. The Reid Technique, taught to hundreds of thousands of law enforcement workers, operates on the dangerous premise that interrogations should only be conducted when the investigator is "reasonably certain of the suspect's guilt." This creates a closed loop where anything the suspect does is interpreted as evidence of lying. When innocent suspects are confronted with false evidence like fabricated fingerprints or failed lie detector tests, they experience extreme cognitive dissonance between their innocence and the "facts" presented by trusted authorities. Many resolve this dissonance by accepting explanations offered by interrogators: they might have "blanked out" the crime, had a blackout, or have multiple personalities. After hours of grueling interrogation, exhausted suspects often confess just to end the ordeal, only to retract their statements later when it's too late.

Глава 8

The Path to Healing

Dissonance theory reveals two fundamental lessons: our ability to reduce dissonance preserves our beliefs and self-esteem, yet this same ability can lead us into serious trouble. People will pursue self-destructive paths to protect their initial decisions, treat victims harshly to justify their actions, cling to harmful procedures, and support tyrants on "their side." When people take genuine responsibility for mistakes-whether partners, employers, or public figures-they earn respect rather than losing it. Studies show that when someone offers a responsibility-accepting apology ("The accident was all my fault"), they're evaluated more positively and forgiven more readily. Kennedy's popularity soared after taking full responsibility for the Bay of Pigs failure. In healthcare, contrary to doctors' fears, patients are less likely to sue when physicians admit mistakes and implement changes to prevent recurrence. Admitting fallibility humanizes doctors and builds trust-patients forgive errors of the head, but rarely those of the heart. Organizations can design cultures that reward admission of mistakes. When an IBM executive lost $10 million in a risky venture and offered his resignation, founder Tom Watson replied, "You can't be serious. We've just spent $10 million educating you!" American culture exacts a psychological cost for making mistakes, unlike in Japan where mistakes and confusion are considered natural parts of learning. Psychologists Harold Stevenson and James Stigler discovered this while studying the math performance gap between Asian and American students. They observed a Japanese boy struggle with drawing three-dimensional cubes for forty-five minutes without embarrassment, while the American observers felt increasingly uncomfortable for him. Carol Dweck's research reveals that children praised for effort rather than innate ability perform better and enjoy learning more. These children view mistakes as useful information rather than personal failings. In contrast, children praised for natural ability become defensive about mistakes and lose interest when challenged, creating a self-defeating cycle where they justify poor performance by claiming lack of interest. For those who've made grave mistakes, redemption comes through confronting rather than forgetting them. Eric Fair, a former interrogator at Abu Ghraib, refuses to let his actions be forgotten, choosing to bear witness by speaking about his actions to any audience that invites him. Though he says "I tortured," he doesn't say "I am a torturer"-separating his behavior from his identity while still accepting responsibility. This crucial distinction allows people to live with behavior they now condemn. True self-compassion isn't about forgetting harmful actions or simply moving on with the rationalization that "I'm basically a good person." Rather, it's understanding that who we are includes what we've done but also transcends it. Getting to self-compassion is a process that requires confronting our mistakes rather than justifying them. As Stephen Mitchell writes in his rendering of the Tao Te Ching: "A great nation is like a great man: When he makes a mistake, he realizes it. Having realized it, he admits it. Having admitted it, he corrects it." This wisdom offers a path forward not just for individuals, but for healing our increasingly divided society.

★★★★★

Вы дочитали Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия до конца

Любимо более чем 1 млн учащихся

“Прошло 23 дня, и я пользуюсь приложением каждый день. Теперь оно стало частью моей повседневной жизни.”

jayallen

Ключевые темы в Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

cognitive dissonance
self-justification mechanisms
unconscious self-deception
moral pyramid effect
confirmation bias

Цитаты из Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

We all twist reality to protect our egos.
I played him a dirty trick, and ever since I have hated him.
Scientists are always changing their minds.
Everyone does it.
Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me)

Персонажи в Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

Leon FestingerSocial psychologist who developed dissonance theory
Dorothy MartinDoomsday prophet whose failed prediction was studied
Jeb Stuart MagruderWatergate figure involved in ethical compromises
Carol TavrisCo-author and social psychologist

Об авторе

Кэрол Тэврис и Эллиот Аронсон, известные социальные психологи и авторы бестселлера «Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной)», являются ведущими экспертами в области когнитивного диссонанса и самооправдания.

Тэврис, получившая докторскую степень в Мичиганском университете, является автором таких влиятельных работ, как «Гнев: непонятая эмоция» и «Измерение женщины», в которых она сочетает строгие исследования с доступным стилем изложения.

Аронсон, психолог со стэнфордским образованием и почетный профессор Калифорнийского университета в Санта-Крузе, стал первопроходцем во многих областях социальной психологии, включая широко применяемый метод обучения «ажурная пила». Аронсон остается единственным психологом, получившим все три награды Американской психологической ассоциации: за исследовательскую, преподавательскую и литературную деятельность.

Их совместная работа над книгой «Ошибки, которые были допущены» синтезирует десятилетия исследований того, как люди рационализируют неверные решения. Эта тема получила широкий отклик, о чем свидетельствуют 11 переводов книги и публикации в The New York Times, Scientific American, а также участие авторов в ведущих подкастах по психологии. Книга стала основным учебным пособием в учебных планах по поведенческим наукам и программах корпоративного обучения по всему миру.

Скачать резюме книги «Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия»

Получите резюме книги «Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия» в формате PDF или EPUB бесплатно. Распечатайте или читайте офлайн в любое время.

Пользователям также понравилось

Being Wrong

Kathryn Schulz

Why We Make Mistakes

Joseph T. Hallinan

You Are Not So Smart

David McRaney

The Intelligence Trap

David Robson

Irrationality

Stuart Sutherland

Mindwise

Nicholas Epley

Обложка книги The Mistake Hangover: Silencing Your Inner Critic

Self-Compassion Practices: Cultivate Inner Peace and Joy - Self-Compassion

#91 How To Talk To Yourself After A Mistake (Without Spiraling) - Dr. Yvette Erasmus

How to improve your self-talk after a mistake - Self Healings

5 sources

The Mistake Hangover: Silencing Your Inner Critic

The Truth About Dishonesty

Dan Ariely

Часто задаваемые вопросы об этой книге

Часть плана обучения

ПЛАН ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Grasp meat ethics dissonance

4 h 40 m•5 Эпизоды

ПЛАН ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Master self-deception

5 h 24 m•4 Эпизоды

Узнать больше

ПЛАН ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Unshakable: The Mistake-Proof Mindset

This plan is essential for athletes who struggle with performance anxiety or the tendency to dwell on errors. It provides the mental tools needed to transition from self-doubt to instinctive, high-stakes execution.

1 h 30 m•3 Разделы

ПЛАН ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Beyond Blame: Correcting the Fundamental Attribution Error

In an increasingly polarized world, understanding why we judge others unfairly is a critical leadership and social skill. This plan is ideal for managers, educators, and anyone looking to improve their emotional intelligence by mastering the psychological roots of human behavior.

1 h 15 m•3 Разделы

ПЛАН ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Why Your Memory Lies

This learning plan is essential for anyone interested in psychology, law, or personal development who wants to understand why our brains often misremember facts. It provides a scientific foundation for those looking to improve their decision-making and interpersonal communication by acknowledging the limits of human recall.

1 h 45 m•4 Разделы

ПЛАН ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Master self-deception

In a world full of cognitive shortcuts, understanding how we lie to ourselves is the ultimate competitive advantage. This plan is essential for leaders, decision-makers, and individuals seeking personal growth who want to strip away mental illusions and see reality clearly.

5 h 24 m•4 Разделы

ПЛАН ОБУЧЕНИЯ

The Science of Self-Sabotage

This plan is essential for high-achievers and chronic caretakers who feel stuck in repetitive patterns of failure or burnout. It offers a deep dive into the neurobiology of behavior, making it ideal for anyone looking to reclaim control over their choices and mental well-being.

30 m•3 Разделы

ПЛАН ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Master behavioral economics

Behavioral economics has revolutionized how we understand human decision-making, revealing that people consistently make predictable errors in judgment that traditional economics cannot explain. This learning plan is essential for professionals in business, policy, marketing, product design, and leadership roles who want to understand what truly drives human behavior and how to design systems that lead to better outcomes. Whether you're optimizing user experiences, crafting policies, developing marketing strategies, or simply seeking to make better decisions yourself, mastering these principles provides a powerful competitive advantage.

4 h 39 m•4 Разделы

ПЛАН ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Overcome feeling I disappoint everyone

This learning plan is designed for individuals who struggle with persistent anxiety about making mistakes, fear others' judgment, or constantly feel they've disappointed people around them. It's particularly valuable for those caught in cycles of people-pleasing, over-apologizing, or avoiding situations due to worry about others' reactions—helping them break free from these exhausting patterns and build genuine confidence.

5 h 17 m•4 Разделы

ПЛАН ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Books on Self, Emotional & Mental Mastery

This plan is designed for individuals seeking to transition from reactive living to intentional self-mastery. It bridges the gap between biological brain science and psychological integration, making it ideal for those committed to profound personal transformation.

5 h 39 m•4 Разделы

Создано выпускниками Колумбийского университета в Сан-Франциско

LOVED BY

1,000,000+ curious minds.

4.7

avg rating

1M+ learners

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

Узнайте больше о том, как обсуждают BeFreed в интернете

Создано выпускниками Колумбийского университета в Сан-Франциско

LOVED BY

1,000,000+ curious minds.

4.7

avg rating

1M+ learners

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

Узнайте больше о том, как обсуждают BeFreed в интернете

Начните своё обучение прямо сейчас

Глава 2

Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

ОбзорОбзор книги Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

Одна книга. Множество способов её услышать.

The Blind Spots That Shape Our Lives

The Engine of Self-Deception

Следите за каждым словом во время прослушивания

The Slippery Slope of Moral Compromise

The Blind Spots We All Share

Получите больше от Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

Memory: The Self-Justifying Historian

When Professionals Fall Prey to Self-Justification

Следите за каждым словом во время прослушивания

Justice System Blind Spots

The Path to Healing

Вы дочитали Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия до конца

Ключевые темы в Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

Цитаты из Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

Персонажи в Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

Об авторе

Скачать резюме книги «Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия»

Пользователям также понравилось

Часто задаваемые вопросы об этой книге

What is Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me) about?

Who should read Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me)?

Is Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me) worth reading?

What are the main concepts in Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me)?

Часть плана обучения

Grasp meat ethics dissonance

Master self-deception

Узнать больше

1,000,000+ curious minds.

1,000,000+ curious minds.

Одна книга. Множество способов её услышать.

The Blind Spots That Shape Our Lives

The Engine of Self-Deception

Следите за каждым словом во время прослушивания

The Slippery Slope of Moral Compromise

The Blind Spots We All Share

Получите больше от Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия

Memory: The Self-Justifying Historian

When Professionals Fall Prey to Self-Justification

Следите за каждым словом во время прослушивания

Justice System Blind Spots

The Path to Healing

Вы дочитали Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия до конца

Пользователям также понравилось

Часть плана обучения

Grasp meat ethics dissonance

Master self-deception

Узнать больше

Обзор книги Ошибки, которые были допущены (но не мной). Почему мы оправдываем глупые убеждения, плохие решения и пагубные действия