The arrival of Europeans in Australia was part of a much larger, high-stakes game of imperial expansion that was reshaping the planet—and it all began with a dramatic shift in how the British perceived their place in the world.
7.2 British imperial expansion 7.3 First Nations peoples before colonisation 7.4 The first Europeans arrive to claim Australia 7.5 Early colonisati







The 'Empire of the Deep' refers to Britain's maritime dominion during the eighteenth century, which was built on the strength of its naval power. This era was defined by the belief that British naval dominance served as a global force for justice, property, and law. It represented a century of relentless global conflict where maritime control was the primary method for maintaining influence across the seas before the empire transitioned into a more direct form of global rule.
While the American Revolution led to Britain losing its grip on the thirteen colonies in North America, it simultaneously triggered a massive pivot toward new territories. During this period of dramatic irony, Britain was not shrinking but was instead reforming its boundaries. As it lost its North American holdings, it was actively creating a new empire of rule in eastern India and establishing a permanent presence in Australasia, effectively wiring the modern world together through a global exercise of power.
In the mid-to-late 1700s, the British Empire shifted from a monolithic maritime force into a chaotic and evolving experiment of global rule. Contemporaries began to envisage the empire as an exercise of authority over a vast variety of peoples across different continents. This transition from a maritime dominion to a global empire of rule laid the groundwork for the Victorian era and the twentieth century, fundamentally changing how Britain interacted with the world beyond its traditional naval boundaries.
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