
FDR's ambassadors fatally misjudged Hitler's Third Reich as Europe darkened. This gripping account reveals diplomatic blindspots that shaped WWII's outbreak - a stark warning about how even seasoned diplomats can misread history's most dangerous threats until it's too late.
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When Franklin Roosevelt took office in March 1933, few could have predicted that foreign affairs would define his presidency. The nation was crippled by economic depression, banks were failing, and unemployment soared. Just five weeks earlier, Adolf Hitler had become Chancellor of Germany. While Americans focused on domestic recovery, a shadow was spreading across Europe that would eventually pull America into global conflict. Unlike modern presidents with vast national security apparatuses, Roosevelt relied heavily on personal diplomacy, selecting ambassadors not primarily for diplomatic experience but for loyalty and direct communication. The men he chose as his eyes and ears in Europe-William Dodd in Germany, Breckinridge Long in Italy, William Bullitt in the Soviet Union and France, and Joseph Kennedy in Britain-would provide conflicting counsel as fascism spread. Their varying perspectives reflected the tensions within American foreign policy itself: isolationism versus interventionism, idealism versus pragmatism, moral clarity versus political expediency.
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Criado por ex-alunos da Universidade de Columbia em San Francisco
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Criado por ex-alunos da Universidade de Columbia em San Francisco

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