Explore how Homo sapiens evolved alongside other human species over 300,000 years, and discover the surprising ways our ancestors differed from modern humans in height, diet, and lifestyle.

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From Columbia University alumni built in San Francisco

Lena: Hey there, welcome to the show! I've been thinking about something lately, Miles. We're so used to thinking of ourselves as the pinnacle of human evolution, right? But our species has actually been around for about 300,000 years. That's a long time!
Miles: It really is, Lena. And you know what's fascinating? We're actually just the last survivors of what was once a much more diverse human family tree. There were multiple human species living on Earth at the same time!
Lena: Wait, seriously? Like we had cousins walking around? That's wild to think about.
Miles: Exactly! And get this - we've actually changed quite a bit since our species first appeared. Did you know that early Homo sapiens were actually taller than we are today? About 40,000 years ago, European males averaged around 6 feet tall, but by 10,000 years ago, that dropped to just 5'4".
Lena: No way! I always assumed we've been getting taller over time. What happened there?
Miles: It's fascinating, right? Scientists think it was related to climate change and the adoption of agriculture. Agricultural communities often suffered from malnutrition due to crop failures and more restricted diets. Plus, living close to livestock introduced new diseases into human populations.
Lena: So we've been evolving and changing this whole time. I guess that makes sense when you think about it. Let's dive into who these other human species were and what happened to them along the way...