What is *Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries* about?

*Word by Word* by Kory Stamper is a humorous, insider’s look at lexicography, revealing how dictionaries are crafted. Stamper, a former Merriam-Webster editor, explores the painstaking process of defining words (like “is”), debates over controversial terms (e.g., “nude”), and the social impact of language evolution. Blending memoir with linguistics, it demystifies the meticulous, often absurd world of dictionary-making.

Who should read *Word by Word*?

This book is ideal for language enthusiasts, writers, and curious readers fascinated by word origins, grammar debates, or the hidden labor behind reference books. It appeals to those interested in descriptivism (how language is used) vs. prescriptivism (how it “should” be used) and anyone who enjoys witty, accessible nonfiction about niche professions.

Is *Word by Word* worth reading?

With a 4.8/5 Amazon rating, *Word by Word* is praised for its engaging blend of humor, humility, and expertise. Reviewers highlight Stamper’s knack for transforming technical lexicography into relatable stories, making it a standout for readers seeking intellectual depth without dryness.

How are dictionaries made, according to *Word by Word*?

Stamper details the years-long process: lexicographers analyze thousands of citations to track word usage, define nuanced meanings, and update entries. For example, defining “take” required nine months. The book emphasizes that dictionaries reflect real-world usage, not dictate “correct” language.

What are key quotes from *Word by Word*?

Notable quotes include: - “Language is a public resource that belongs to its speakers” (challenging linguistic gatekeeping) - “Small words are the hardest to define” (e.g., “is”) - “OMG” debuted in a 1917 letter to Winston Churchill, surprising etymology fans

What controversial words does *Word by Word* address?

Stamper discusses heated debates over adding “marriage” for same-sex unions and defining “nude” in fashion contexts. These examples show how dictionaries mirror societal shifts, often sparking backlash from prescriptivists.

Who is Kory Stamper, the author of *Word by Word*?

Kory Stamper is a lexicographer who worked at Merriam-Webster for 20 years. A Smith College medieval studies graduate, she combines linguistic rigor with irreverent humor, demystifying lexicography through videos, essays, and this debut book.

What are the main takeaways from *Word by Word*?

Key lessons: - Dictionaries are dynamic, evolving with culture. - “Bad” grammar often reflects dialectal diversity. - Lexicographers prioritize usage over rules (descriptivist approach)

워드 바이 워드 요약

사전의 비밀스러운 삶

코리 스탬퍼

4.19(9081 Reviews)

워드 바이 워드 요약 개요

"covfefe"가 인터넷을 뜨겁게 달굴 때 어떤 일이 벌어지는지 궁금하신가요? 코리 스탬퍼(Kory Stamper)의 메리엄-웹스터(Merriam-Webster) 내부 탐방기는 사전이 어떻게 은밀하게 문화를 형성하는지, "결혼(marriage)"이라는 단어를 둘러싼 정치적 폭풍을 어떻게 일으켰는지, 그리고 왜 뉴요커(The New Yorker)가 이 책을 진화하는 우리 언어에 대한 "회고록이자 폭로"라고 불렀는지 보여줍니다.

전달 방식을 선택하세요

다양한 학습 방식으로 워드 바이 워드 요약 살펴보기

워드 바이 워드의 같은 아이디어를 담았습니다. 나에게 맞는 목소리, 깊이, 속도를 고르고 언제든 바꿔 보세요.

1장

The Magic Behind the Pages: A Journey into the Dictionary

Have you ever wondered who decides what words mean? Behind the authoritative pages of your dictionary lies a world few have glimpsed-one populated by quirky, obsessive word lovers who spend their days in near-silence, wrestling with the messy, beautiful chaos of the English language. Kory Stamper's "Word by Word" pulls back the curtain on this mysterious profession, revealing that dictionaries aren't created by all-knowing language gods but by actual humans with coffee-stained desks and strong opinions about the Oxford comma. Since its 2017 publication, this insider account has become required reading in linguistics departments nationwide and earned praise from language luminaries like Anne Curzan and John McWhorter. What makes this book so captivating is how it transforms something we take for granted-the dictionary-into a thrilling battleground where tradition clashes with evolution, prescriptivism faces descriptivism, and the humble lexicographer stands at the crossroads of culture wars they never asked to join.

2장

The Secret Society of Word Lovers

In a nondescript brick building in Springfield, Massachusetts, behind bullet-holed safety glass and locked doors, lies the headquarters of America's oldest dictionary company, Merriam-Webster. Inside, you won't find marble columns or oak-paneled libraries, but a warren of taupe cubicles where lexicographers-dictionary writers-work in near-monastic silence. The editorial floor remains eerily quiet compared to the bustle downstairs, where marketing and sales teams conduct their daily business. Behind heavy fire doors, people sift through language, categorize it, describe it, and slowly go blind doing so, their computer screens filled with endless citations and usage examples. The formal requirements to become a lexicographer at Merriam-Webster are surprisingly minimal: a four-year degree in any field and being a native English speaker. The staff includes English majors, economists, scientists, and medievalists-this diversity helps create better definitions across all subject areas. Some editors specialize in scientific terminology, others in slang or regional dialects, while still others focus on etymology or pronunciation. But beyond these basic qualifications lies an unmeasurable quality called "sprachgefuhl"-a feeling for language that possesses you like a Teutonic imp, making you obsess over distinctions like "planting lettuce" versus "planting misinformation." This linguistic instinct manifests in everyday life: lexicographers find themselves analyzing cereal box text at breakfast or debating the subtle differences between "shimmer," "glimmer," and "glisten" over lunch. Lexicographers must be temperamentally suited to sitting in near silence for eight hours daily, working entirely alone. The editorial floor once had a formal Rule of Silence, and even today communication happens primarily through email rather than conversation. When editors do speak, it's often in hushed tones about matters like the evolving usage of "literally" or whether "irregardless" deserves dictionary entry status. At holiday parties, editors cluster quietly along the walls while marketing folks celebrate boisterously in the center, discussing Oxford commas and etymology with the same passion others might reserve for sports or politics. "We're not antisocial," one editor explains. "We're just social in our own way." This peculiar temperament suits the monastic dedication required for dictionary work: the ability to set aside linguistic prejudices, give equal treatment to every word, and patiently perform the same tasks on the same book for years or decades. Dictionary timelines stretch into geological epochs-a Collegiate Dictionary takes 3-5 years, while Webster's Third took 12 years with nearly 100 editors working simultaneously. Each definition requires extensive research, multiple rounds of peer review, and careful consideration of historical usage patterns. The work never ends; a dictionary is outdated the moment it's published, as language continues to evolve with new terms emerging from technology, popular culture, and social change. As Samuel Johnson, lexicography's patron saint, wrote, it's the fate of dictionary writers "to be rather driven by the fear of evil, than attracted by the prospect of good." Yet lexicographers persist in this anonymous, modestly paid labor of love, plunging elbow-deep into the roiling mess of English to wrestle with words day after day, finding satisfaction in capturing the precise meaning of everything from "aardvark" to "zyzzyva."

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

워드 바이 워드 요약의 각 단어가 오디오에 맞춰 실시간으로 강조되어 편하게 따라 읽을 수 있습니다.

3장

The Grammar Myth: What We Think We Know

At swanky parties where my musician husband mingles with cool people, I'm inevitably asked what I do. When I mention writing dictionaries, people often exclaim, "You must be great at grammar!" I respond noncommittally, knowing a harsh truth: as a lexicographer, you quickly realize you only think you're good at grammar, and what you know is largely useless. People who become lexicographers naturally love language's mechanics, but this specialized knowledge can make you myopic. My first training as a lexicographer-Style and Defining classes with veteran editor E. Ward Gilman-shattered my grammatical confidence. "Some of you," Gil warned, "are not going to like what I am about to tell you." The lexicographer's job isn't deciding what part of speech a word is-the public does that through usage. We merely discern and report. This should be comforting but isn't, because English grammar isn't nearly as tidy as we're taught. Parts of speech aren't discrete boxes but jumbled fishing nets with words caught between them. Nouns act like adjectives, adjectives like nouns, and verbs shape-shift constantly. Even categorizing a simple sentence like "The young editors were bent to Webster's will" becomes an exercise in linguistic uncertainty, leaving you scrawling test sentences and questioning everything you thought you knew. This grammatical mayhem exists partly because our parts of speech aren't inherent to English but borrowed from Latin and Greek. First hinted at by Plato, expanded by Aristotle, and formalized in the second century B.C., our eight parts of speech were designed for languages structurally different from English. Latin has no articles while Greek has only definite articles-yet English is "lousy with articles." The small ubiquitous words-"but," "like," "as"-are the real nightmares that have lexicographers hunched over reference books at 6:00 p.m. on Fridays. Two equally trained lexicographers can analyze the same sentence and place words in different parts of speech categories. Despite claiming objectivity, all lexicographers harbor pet peeves. But our universal complaint is how non-specialists use the word "grammar." To us, grammar means systematic rules governing word interaction in sentences. To the public, "grammar" encompasses stylistic choices, common misspellings, half-remembered school rules, and personal dislikes-the stuff of internet memes about "your" versus "you're."

4장

When Rules Aren't Really Rules: The History of "Proper" English

The battle over "good grammar" is relatively recent. Before the mid-fifteenth century, English wasn't considered a language of permanence-official documents were recorded in Latin or French. When Henry V began using English in official correspondence in 1417, English quickly replaced French and Latin in bureaucracy. The challenge was standardization. While Latin and French had established written forms, English was phonetically spelled with wild variation-"right" alone had seventy-seven recorded spellings in Middle English. Chancery English (used by law clerks) became the foundation for standardization, further helped by the arrival of the printing press. As English grew explosively in the sixteenth century, borrowing vocabulary from Romance languages, concerns about its unruliness prompted the first English grammar (William Bullokar's "Bref Grammar for English" in 1586) and dictionary (Robert Cawdrey's in 1604). Some, like Daniel Defoe, called for an English academy to "polish and refine the English tongue" and "establish purity and propriety of style." By the eighteenth century, "good grammar" became a social divider between the educated and uneducated, as middle-class merchants entered polite society. Grammar books functioned as linguistic etiquette guides, with Robert Lowth writing that anyone with "liberal education" should "express himself with propriety and accuracy." Many grammar "rules" are merely personal preferences of influential writers. The prohibition against sentence-ending prepositions originated with John Dryden, who, enamored with Latin grammar, revised his own works to remove terminal prepositions. But English isn't Latin-terminal prepositions have been standard in English for over 700 years before Dryden objected. Even self-proclaimed grammar sticklers violate their own rules. David Foster Wallace, a self-described "snoot," used "literally" figuratively. Jonathan Swift condemned contractions but used them freely in personal correspondence. E.B. White criticized overuse of "certainly" but employed it himself. Lynne Truss's book on punctuation contains numerous punctuation errors. For lexicographers, this realization that cherished grammar rules are often baseless is a necessary betrayal. The written record shows Shakespeare used double negatives and Jane Austen used "ain't." Standard English as presented by pedants is largely based on "a mostly fictional, static, and Platonic ideal of usage" rather than actual historical practice.

워드 바이 워드 요약에서 더 많은 것을 얻으세요

매일 새로운 인사이트를 10만 개 이상의 레슨에서 만나보세요
단어가 강조되어 오디오와 실시간으로 동기화됩니다
내 라이브러리를 저장하고 모든 기기에서 이용하세요

5장

The Irregardless Revolution: How "Wrong" Words Become Right

As a dictionary editor tasked with answering correspondence, I faced the daily wrath of language purists outraged by Merriam-Webster's inclusion of "irregardless." Their letters arrived filled with indignation, often questioning our professional standards and editorial judgment. I initially shared their disdain, shocked to discover this supposed "nonword" in our own dictionary. For years, I reluctantly defended its inclusion while personally considering it sloppy usage, a stance that made me uncomfortable in my role as a lexicographer. The common objections were predictable and numerous: it's a double negative (ir- plus -less), redundant (saying the same thing twice), illogically constructed, and unmistakably marks uneducated speech. My perspective underwent a dramatic shift when a correspondent from Mississippi claimed "irregardless" functioned as a "superlative form" among educated speakers in their region, used deliberately for emphasis beyond "regardless." Though initially skeptical, I headed to our citation files to investigate this claim. Almost immediately, I found compelling evidence suggesting "irregardless" might serve a distinct linguistic purpose-a fascinating citation where it appeared italicized and introduced as "as the old people said," functioning almost like a dismissive "anyhoo" or conversation-ender. Further research revealed this peculiar usage pattern dating back to the 1860s, appearing in both formal and informal writing. Most tellingly, I discovered numerous instances where writers used both "regardless" and "irregardless" in close proximity within the same text, suggesting a deliberate stylistic distinction rather than ignorance. The word's history proved more fascinating than I'd imagined-early uses from the late 18th to mid-19th century appeared completely unremarkable in print, with no special marking or commentary about their correctness. By the late 19th century, however, it was suddenly treated with unprecedented contempt in usage guides and editorial columns, despite similar illogically constructed words like "unboundless" existing since the 15th century without criticism. The hatred seemed inextricably connected to its dialectal nature and association with regional American speech patterns, which triggered my personal reflection on how dialects become politicized and how language prejudices often mask social prejudices. Through continued research and examination of thousands of citations, I gradually transformed from critic to America's foremost "irregardless" apologist, appreciating its remarkable tenacity, rich historical legacy, and possible emphatic function in certain dialects. All words are made-up inventions, after all - even our most cherished terms were once new and potentially controversial. Modern dictionaries serve as mirrors reflecting language as it's actually used in the real world, not as prescriptive authorities dictating how some believe it should be used. We document all words with widespread, sustained use in written English, regardless (or should I say irregardless?) of their perceived quality or the controversy they might generate. This democratic approach to lexicography better serves the reality of how language actually lives and evolves.

6장

The Dictionary Detective: How Words Get Collected

When people ask what lexicographers do all day, I tell them I spend most of my time reading-a revelation that either disappoints or delights. Many imagine us creating words in smoky rooms, barking out additions between scotch swigs, but dictionary work is far more mundane. Dictionaries must be based on something outside the lexicographer's head: a representative sample of printed English prose collected through extensive reading. This methodical process requires patience, attention to detail, and an almost archaeological approach to language. Samuel Johnson developed a system of reading widely, underlining interesting words, and having assistants copy passages onto slips of paper filed alphabetically. This method became the foundation for nearly every dictionary since 1755, including Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary. Johnson's assistants would spend countless hours copying context-rich quotations, creating what we now call "citations" - the documentary evidence of how words are actually used in the wild. The OED took this approach to new heights, employing thousands of volunteer readers who submitted millions of quotation slips over decades. Modern lexicographers still collect "citations" from a wide variety of sources, but the process isn't as simple as it seems. No dictionary records all words in a language, and lexicographers can't rely solely on their native knowledge. The challenge is finding the right balance-neither skimming the surface nor dredging the depths. New coinages like "mansplain," "doomscrolling," or "cryptocurrency" might seem ubiquitous, while subtle shifts like "bored of" replacing "bored by" or "different than" versus "different from" might go unnoticed despite being more linguistically significant. Deciding on a balanced source list is subjective and increasingly complex. Academic journals, popular magazines, literary novels, and even "dreck" like Twilight must be considered. The internet presents additional challenges-content that's unedited, constantly changing, or disappears entirely. Modern dictionary companies have turned to corpora-curated collections of searchable full-text sources-to help solve the problem of limited reading capacity. These databases contain hundreds of millions of words from various sources, including newspapers, academic writing, news broadcasts, and even soap opera scripts. The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), for example, contains more than one billion words from eight genres, allowing lexicographers to track usage patterns with unprecedented precision. Despite technological advances, speech remains the primary way language evolves. Words are typically spoken for some time before being written down, creating a blind spot for lexicographers. Not all writing becomes public, and personal communications often contain linguistic innovations that never reach dictionary makers. Even with the internet's democratization of publishing, lexicographers can't possibly read everything-as demonstrated by sixteen-year-old Peaches Monroee's coinage "on fleek," which went from a six-second video to representing 10% of all Google searches within five months. Similar phenomena occurred with terms like "yeet," "sus," and "cheugy," which emerged from social media and youth culture before entering mainstream usage. This gap between spoken innovation and dictionary documentation remains one of the field's greatest challenges, even in our digital age.

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

워드 바이 워드 요약의 각 단어가 오디오에 맞춰 실시간으로 강조되어 편하게 따라 읽을 수 있습니다.

7장

The Art and Science of Definition Writing

Back in the editorial conference room, Gil explains that lexicographers don't do "real defining" (the philosophical attempt to describe the essential nature of things) but rather "lexical defining"-describing how words are used in context. Dictionary creation involves specialized jargon and follows three criteria for word inclusion: widespread print use, longevity, and meaningful usage. Creating an analytical definition requires first identifying the "genus"-the smallest category that can contain the word being defined-followed by "differentiae" that distinguish it from other members of that category. For "surfboard," the genus is "board" and the differentiae include "long," "narrow," "buoyant," and "used for the sport of surfing." The commercial reality of dictionary-making means production schedules rule "with an iron fist." A new dictionary edition takes two to three years, with most work involving reviewing and revising existing entries rather than just adding new words. Each entry undergoes multiple editing passes-from the initial definer to copy editors, cross-reference editors, etymologists, dating editors, pronunciation editors, and finally proofreaders. This complex process happens simultaneously across different letters of the dictionary, with editors staggered throughout the alphabet. Curiously, dictionary publishers never start revisions with the letter A, instead beginning in the middle of the alphabet with shorter letters like H or K. This practice gives editors time to settle into the style guide before tackling larger sections. Letters vary dramatically in size-A through D comprise about a quarter of most dictionaries, while S is notoriously the longest single letter (about 11% of the entire dictionary) and considered "the worst" by lexicographers. The challenge of writing good definitions includes balancing specificity with flexibility for future changes. Lexicographers use techniques like parenthetical adjuncts to provide examples without being restrictive-writing "a long, narrow, buoyant board (as of wood, fiberglass, or foam) used in the sport of surfing" rather than committing to specific materials that might become outdated. Other hedges include words like "especially" or "broadly" that join related senses of a word. Despite all efforts, definitions remain "imperfect things"-artificial attempts to capture meaning that approach but never quite reach the asymptote of perfect accuracy.

8장

The Hidden Politics of Language

When working with words professionally, lexicographers develop a clinical detachment similar to doctors examining patients. All words receive equal, objective treatment regardless of their social status or taboo nature. Yet occasionally, certain entries still give pause-like when I discovered "bitch" wasn't labeled as taboo in our Collegiate Dictionary. Dating to the first millennium as a term for female dogs, "bitch" acquired its extended meaning of "lewd woman" around 1400. The Old Bailey court records from 1674-1913 reveal the term's rich usage history, including its application to gay men as early as 1726 when a man was called a "treacherous, blowing-up Mollying Bitch." The derogatory use for men dates back to 1475 ("Be God, he ys a schrewd byche"), appearing in works by Henry Fielding, Robert Burns, and even Cambridge student slang where the tea-serving student was called "a bitch"-all uses feminizing men as lesser. Lexicographers face profound challenges when defining charged words like "bitch." While discussing the word's dictionary treatment with a colleague, I discovered the male-directed slur lacked proper labeling. We pondered whether usage notes could cover both female-directed ("malicious, spiteful woman") and male-directed ("weak, ineffectual") meanings, or address reclaimed feminist uses like "bitches get shit done." This complexity reveals the fundamental challenge of lexicography: how can one person, with their own cultural positioning and biases, adequately capture a word's full social meaning? Linguistic reclamation-where marginalized groups repurpose slurs as identity markers of pride-complicates dictionary work. Jo Freeman's 1968 "The BITCH Manifesto" declared "Bitch is Beautiful," attempting to transform the word into a feminist badge of honor. But reclamation is never straightforward, as it assumes unified communities rather than diverse individuals who share characteristics. Even "queer," often cited as a reclamation success story, remains offensive to many older gay people. Modern lexicographers strive for objectivity, but language remains deeply personal. The nursery rhyme "sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will never hurt me" is a lie every child knows. Words have physical presence-they're written with hands, spoken with mouths, and leave bodily scars: my mother's twisted mouth when discussing workplace sexism, the spittle flying from a man's mouth as he calls his ex-wife a "bitch," the heat rash of embarrassment on my cheeks when the word hangs in the air, the fist clenching in my chest as male laughter trails behind a passing car.

워드 바이 워드 요약에서 더 많은 것을 얻으세요

매일 새로운 인사이트를 10만 개 이상의 레슨에서 만나보세요
단어가 강조되어 오디오와 실시간으로 동기화됩니다
내 라이브러리를 저장하고 모든 기기에서 이용하세요

9장

When Dictionaries Become Cultural Battlegrounds

In March 2009, I opened my email to find hundreds of outraged messages about our "marriage" definition. Conservative news site WorldNetDaily had published "Webster's Dictionary Redefines 'Marriage'" with an ominous video suggesting we'd changed the definition because we disagreed with traditional marriage. The article falsely claimed we'd refused comment, though they accurately quoted my earlier response explaining we were simply documenting current usage. The first angry email declared our inclusion of "same-sex perversion" a "disgrace." As hundreds more emails flooded in, I realized my defining work would be delayed by weeks while I addressed this misguided campaign. People who start write-in campaigns fundamentally misunderstand what dictionaries do. They believe changing the dictionary changes language itself, and by extension, culture. When we updated the definition of "marriage" to include same-sex unions, the vitriol was immediate-not about language change but about cultural values. People sent hateful emails, some containing white nationalist tropes and threatening violence. I coped through humor, forwarding absurd messages to colleagues or my husband with sarcastic comments. Many correspondents claimed that by updating our definition, we were influencing the legality of same-sex marriage, believing Supreme Court justices rely heavily on dictionaries. While justices do consult dictionaries, studies show they use them inconsistently and selectively to support predetermined opinions rather than to determine meaning. In the four major Supreme Court cases on same-sex marriage, dictionary definitions were cited only twice, both in Chief Justice Roberts's dissent in Obergefell v. Hodges. Stephen Colbert eventually skewered the whole campaign, joking that since we'd made the change in 2003, he might have been "gay-married and not known it." Though we still receive complaints about our definition of "marriage," the substance has changed-now we get as many complaints that the two subsenses aren't combined into one gender-neutral sense as we do that gay marriage is ruining America. Language always lags behind life, but we lexicographers have moved on. Lexicography appears scientific with its algorithms and technical language, but it's equally a creative craft requiring dedication and judgment. Unlike art that happens in a flash of inspiration, craft demands time and patience to develop expertise. Experienced lexicographers can produce definitions with practiced ease that seems effortless to outsiders. Unfortunately, the Internet has transformed dictionaries from revered static books into malleable online resources, creating both opportunities and challenges. While digital formats offer unlimited space and flexibility, they've created expectations for comprehensive, free, up-to-date information that strains resources. In today's click economy, being at the top of search results often matters more than crafting perfect definitions. Meanwhile, dictionary publishing faces commercial pressures, with recent layoffs at Merriam-Webster reflecting the industry's contraction despite language's continued evolution. Despite these challenges, lexicographers remain devoted to their craft, finding meaning in their meticulous attention to language-their "own little contribution to the world."

★★★★★

워드 바이 워드 요약 완독을 축하합니다

“23일째 매일 사용하고 있어요. 이제 제 일상의 한 부분이 되었습니다.”

jayallen

워드 바이 워드 요약의 핵심 주제

lexicography process
linguistic descriptivism
dictionary history
english language evolution
etymology and usage

워드 바이 워드 요약의 명문장

Dictionaries aren't created by all-knowing language gods.
We're not antisocial. We're just social in our own way.
English grammar isn't nearly as tidy as we're taught.
English is lousy with articles.
The battle over good grammar is relatively recent.

워드 바이 워드 요약의 등장인물

Kory StamperAuthor and lexicographer at Merriam-Webster
E. Ward GilmanVeteran editor and lexicography instructor
Samuel JohnsonHistorical lexicographer and 'patron saint'

저자 소개

*단어에 대한 단어들: 사전의 비밀스러운 삶(Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries)*의 저자인 코리 스탬퍼(Kory Stamper)는 사전 편찬에 대한 내부자적 시각으로 잘 알려진 저명한 사전 편찬자이자 언어 전문가입니다. 스미스 칼리지에서 중세학을 전공한 스탬퍼는 메리엄-웹스터(Merriam-Webster)에서 20년(1998~2018) 동안 근무하며 "F-bomb"과 같은 단어의 정의를 만들고 언어적 논란의 신비를 파헤쳤습니다.

그녀의 데뷔작은 회고록과 언어적 탐구를 결합하여, 사전이 끊임없이 진화하는 영어를 어떻게 포착하는지에 대해 재치 있는 비하인드 스토리를 제공합니다. 문화적 뉘앙스, 어원, 그리고 언어의 민주적 성격이라는 주제는 표제어를 편집하고 메리엄-웹스터의 "편집자에게 물어보세요(Ask the Editor)" 영상 시리즈를 통해 대중의 질문에 답변하며 쌓아온 그녀의 경력을 통해 작품 전반에 빛을 발합니다.

스탬퍼의 글은 뉴욕 타임스(The New York Times), 가디언(The Guardian), *워싱턴 포스트(The Washington Post)*를 장식해 왔으며, 쇼토콰 제도(Chautauqua Institution)에서의 주목할 만한 강연을 포함한 그녀의 강의들은 언어와 사회의 역동적인 관계를 강조합니다. 현재 캠브리지 사전(Cambridge Dictionaries)에서 프리랜서로 활동 중인 그녀는 디지털 시대에도 사전 편찬이 갖는 유효성을 계속해서 옹호하고 있습니다. 단어에 대한 단어들은 *뉴요커(The New Yorker)*로부터 "사전 편찬의 성장 소설"이라는 찬사를 받았으며, 현재 페이퍼백과 하드커버로 출간되어 언어 애호가들의 필독서로 남아 있습니다. 스탬퍼는 본인이 인정하는 것보다 더 많은 사전을 소유하고 있으며, 커피를 그녀의 주요 사전 편찬 도구로 꼽습니다.

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워드 바이 워드 요약을 무료 PDF 또는 EPUB으로 받으세요. 인쇄하거나 오프라인에서 언제든 읽을 수 있습니다.

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BeFreed는 호기심 넘치는 글로벌 커뮤니티를 하나로 연결합니다

4.7

평균 평점

앱 평가 7.84천 개 이상

BeFreed 커뮤니티

정말이지 아직 앱을 다 써 보지도 않았는데, 며칠 써 본 것만으로도 깊은 인상을 받았어요… BeFreed는 제가 써 본 어떤 학습 앱과도 차원이 달라요. 몰입감이 엄청나고 집중력도 실제로 좋아져서, 스마트폰을 하염없이 스크롤하는 분들께 딱이에요!

@ladyInfinity

정확히 23일 전에 BeFreed를 구입했는데, 그날부터 하루도 빠짐없이 쓰고 있어요. 제 일상 업무 흐름과 학습 습관에 완전히 자리 잡았어요.

@jayallen

솔직히 이 앱은 제 기대를 전부 뛰어넘었어요. 어떤 주제든 오디오로 만들어 달라고 할 수 있고, 결과물이 놀라워요. 제 전문 분야는 심리치료 쪽이고 여러 학문이 얽혀 있는데도 답변이 아주 정확해요.

@Raguipa

제일 고마운 건 스크롤하는 시간이 확 줄었다는 거예요. 검색하는 시간은 줄고 흡수하는 시간은 늘었어요. 오디오북 전권, 팟캐스트, 학습 플랜의 조합이 정말 훌륭해요.

@colonyofcreatorsNGO

저는 24년째 PhotoReading 속진 학습 강사로 일하고 있어요… 책과 독서, 배움이 제 전문인데, BeFreed는 정보를 소화하기 쉽게 전달하는 혁신적인 방식을 정말 잘 구현했어요.

@BeFreed user

단순한 책 요약 앱이 아니에요. '재미' 스타일을 써 봤는데, 전통적인 방식보다 훨씬 나은 요약이고 아이디어를 이해하기도 쉬워요. 이것만으로도 값어치를 해요.

@austinakon

이 앱이 정말 좋아요. 며칠 써 봤는데 듣는 걸 멈출 수가 없어요. 시작하기에 이보다 좋을 수 없어요.

@jcrules328

정말 마음에 들어요. 한 달 정도 써 봤는데 숨은 보석을 찾은 기분이에요. BeFreed로 제가 원하는 주제를 직접 만들 수 있어서 좋고, 목소리도 훌륭한 데다 내레이션 선택지가 무궁무진해요.

@DanielCZ

정말이지 아직 앱을 다 써 보지도 않았는데, 며칠 써 본 것만으로도 깊은 인상을 받았어요… BeFreed는 제가 써 본 어떤 학습 앱과도 차원이 달라요. 몰입감이 엄청나고 집중력도 실제로 좋아져서, 스마트폰을 하염없이 스크롤하는 분들께 딱이에요!

@ladyInfinity

정확히 23일 전에 BeFreed를 구입했는데, 그날부터 하루도 빠짐없이 쓰고 있어요. 제 일상 업무 흐름과 학습 습관에 완전히 자리 잡았어요.

@jayallen

솔직히 이 앱은 제 기대를 전부 뛰어넘었어요. 어떤 주제든 오디오로 만들어 달라고 할 수 있고, 결과물이 놀라워요. 제 전문 분야는 심리치료 쪽이고 여러 학문이 얽혀 있는데도 답변이 아주 정확해요.

@Raguipa

제일 고마운 건 스크롤하는 시간이 확 줄었다는 거예요. 검색하는 시간은 줄고 흡수하는 시간은 늘었어요. 오디오북 전권, 팟캐스트, 학습 플랜의 조합이 정말 훌륭해요.

@colonyofcreatorsNGO

저는 24년째 PhotoReading 속진 학습 강사로 일하고 있어요… 책과 독서, 배움이 제 전문인데, BeFreed는 정보를 소화하기 쉽게 전달하는 혁신적인 방식을 정말 잘 구현했어요.

@BeFreed user

단순한 책 요약 앱이 아니에요. '재미' 스타일을 써 봤는데, 전통적인 방식보다 훨씬 나은 요약이고 아이디어를 이해하기도 쉬워요. 이것만으로도 값어치를 해요.

@austinakon

이 앱이 정말 좋아요. 며칠 써 봤는데 듣는 걸 멈출 수가 없어요. 시작하기에 이보다 좋을 수 없어요.

@jcrules328

정말 마음에 들어요. 한 달 정도 써 봤는데 숨은 보석을 찾은 기분이에요. BeFreed로 제가 원하는 주제를 직접 만들 수 있어서 좋고, 목소리도 훌륭한 데다 내레이션 선택지가 무궁무진해요.

@DanielCZ

유용한 정보와 아이디어를 8~15분짜리 팟캐스트 스타일 오디오로 압축해서 들을 수 있다는 게 정말 좋아요. 원래 팟캐스트는 군더더기가 많아서 안 좋아했는데, 여기는 그걸 싹 걷어냈어요.

@BeFreed user

박사 과정을 마무리하는 중이라 낯선 자료를 많이 읽어야 해요… BeFreed에서는 프롬프트만 입력하면 앱이 자료를 찾아서 오디오 팟캐스트로 만들어 줘요. BeFreed의 과정이 NotebookLM보다 더 매끄럽게 느껴져요.

@Brad

아침을 준비하거나 산책하거나 출퇴근할 때 들을 것을 YouTube에서 자주 찾곤 했는데, BeFreed는 광고도 군더더기도 없이 훨씬 더 딱 맞는 걸 들려줘요!

@BeFreed user

이 플랫폼의 가장 큰 장점은 활용도예요. 다루지 못하는 주제가 말 그대로 하나도 없어요. 무엇을 던져도 다 소화해요… 제한이 전혀 없으면서 약속을 실제로 지키는 학습 도구는 정말 드물어요.

@jayallen

BeFreed는 환상적이에요. 디자인이 편해서 헤매는 시간은 줄고 배우는 시간은 늘었어요. 오디오북, 팟캐스트, 학습 플랜의 조합은 천재적이에요. 제 하루가 완전히 달라졌어요.

@BeFreed user

처음엔 이탈리아어로 팟캐스트를 만드는 방법을 이해하는 데 시간이 좀 걸렸는데, 알고 나니까 — 와! 정말 대단해요! 어떤 주제든 설명해 달라고 하면 정말 똑똑하게 잘 설명해 줘요!

@matteo77

BeFreed는 제가 매일 쓰는 오디오북 앱이 됐어요… 제일 마음에 드는 건 텍스트를 넣으면 이동 중에도 들을 수 있는 오디오로 만들어 준다는 점이에요.

@kotanzu1

유용한 정보와 아이디어를 8~15분짜리 팟캐스트 스타일 오디오로 압축해서 들을 수 있다는 게 정말 좋아요. 원래 팟캐스트는 군더더기가 많아서 안 좋아했는데, 여기는 그걸 싹 걷어냈어요.

@BeFreed user

박사 과정을 마무리하는 중이라 낯선 자료를 많이 읽어야 해요… BeFreed에서는 프롬프트만 입력하면 앱이 자료를 찾아서 오디오 팟캐스트로 만들어 줘요. BeFreed의 과정이 NotebookLM보다 더 매끄럽게 느껴져요.

@Brad

아침을 준비하거나 산책하거나 출퇴근할 때 들을 것을 YouTube에서 자주 찾곤 했는데, BeFreed는 광고도 군더더기도 없이 훨씬 더 딱 맞는 걸 들려줘요!

@BeFreed user

이 플랫폼의 가장 큰 장점은 활용도예요. 다루지 못하는 주제가 말 그대로 하나도 없어요. 무엇을 던져도 다 소화해요… 제한이 전혀 없으면서 약속을 실제로 지키는 학습 도구는 정말 드물어요.

@jayallen

BeFreed는 환상적이에요. 디자인이 편해서 헤매는 시간은 줄고 배우는 시간은 늘었어요. 오디오북, 팟캐스트, 학습 플랜의 조합은 천재적이에요. 제 하루가 완전히 달라졌어요.

@BeFreed user

처음엔 이탈리아어로 팟캐스트를 만드는 방법을 이해하는 데 시간이 좀 걸렸는데, 알고 나니까 — 와! 정말 대단해요! 어떤 주제든 설명해 달라고 하면 정말 똑똑하게 잘 설명해 줘요!

@matteo77

BeFreed는 제가 매일 쓰는 오디오북 앱이 됐어요… 제일 마음에 드는 건 텍스트를 넣으면 이동 중에도 들을 수 있는 오디오로 만들어 준다는 점이에요.

@kotanzu1

웹에서 BeFreed가 어떻게 논의되고 있는지 더 보기

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들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

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워드 바이 워드 요약에서 더 많은 것을 얻으세요

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들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

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