
In August 1914, miscalculation ignited global catastrophe. "The Guns of August" - the Pulitzer-winning masterpiece JFK credited with preventing nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis - reveals how diplomatic blunders cascade into bloodshed. What catastrophic mistakes are today's leaders repeating?
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Edward VII's funeral in May 1910 marked the last gathering of Europe's royalty before the world changed forever. Nine kings rode through London's streets, led by the new King George V flanked by his cousin Kaiser Wilhelm II. Behind them followed heirs apparent, royal highnesses, and queens in an unprecedented assembly of European power. The Kaiser, astride a gray horse in a British Field Marshal's uniform, harbored conflicted emotions - nostalgia for his English relations mixed with satisfaction at Edward's death, whom he had venomously called "Satan" for diplomatically isolating Germany. Among the procession rode Belgium's unassuming King Albert I and the ill-fated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, whose assassination would spark the coming war. Edward's diplomatic achievements had transformed Britain's "splendid isolation" into new alliances with France and Russia, creating the Triple Entente that would prove crucial in the coming conflict. Meanwhile, Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm pursued aggressive naval expansion that directly challenged British maritime supremacy, ignoring Bismarck's warning to remain content with continental power. The German leadership suffered from a profound psychological complex - a terrible need for recognition on the world stage. When other nations naturally formed defensive alliances in response, Germany's cry of "Einkreisung!" (Encirclement!) became a self-fulfilling prophecy driving Europe toward catastrophe.
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Criado por ex-alunos da Universidade de Columbia em San Francisco
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Criado por ex-alunos da Universidade de Columbia em San Francisco

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