What is *Why We Lie* by David Livingstone Smith about?

*Why We Lie* explores the evolutionary origins of deception, arguing that lying is an unconscious, adaptive trait shaped by natural selection. Smith examines six common motives for lying—from avoiding confrontation to boosting self-esteem—and analyzes how deception impacts human relationships and societal structures. The book blends psychology, philosophy, and biology to explain why dishonesty is deeply ingrained in human nature.

Who should read *Why We Lie* by David Livingstone Smith?

This book suits psychology enthusiasts, philosophy students, and readers interested in evolutionary biology. Professionals in communication, ethics, or leadership will gain insights into managing dishonesty in personal and professional contexts. Critics note its broad definition of lying may challenge strict philosophers, but its accessible style appeals to general audiences seeking to understand human behavior.

Is *Why We Lie* by David Livingstone Smith worth reading?

Yes, for its groundbreaking synthesis of evolutionary theory and behavioral psychology. Smith supports claims with cross-disciplinary research, offering actionable advice to navigate deception in relationships. While some argue his definition of lying is overly broad, the book’s relevance to everyday interactions makes it a valuable read for understanding social dynamics.

What are the six common reasons people lie according to *Why We Lie*?

Smith identifies six motives: - To save face - To shift blame - To avoid confrontation - To get one’s way - To be polite - To enhance self-esteem He emphasizes that lies’ harm depends on emotional proximity: deceiving strangers may be inconsequential, but lying to loved ones erodes trust.

How does *Why We Lie* explain the evolutionary roots of deception?

The book posits that lying evolved as a survival mechanism, enabling ancestors to manipulate predators, rivals, and allies. Organisms adept at deception had higher reproductive success, embedding dishonesty in human cognition. Smith argues this unconscious adaptation persists in modern social behaviors, from white lies to self-deception.

What criticisms exist about *Why We Lie*?

Critics challenge Smith’s broad definition of lying, which includes non-intentional deception. Some argue his evolutionary focus downplays cultural and ethical factors shaping honesty. Despite this, the book is praised for sparking dialogue about the inevitability of deceit in human interactions.

How does emotional connection affect lying, per *Why We Lie*?

Lies directed at emotionally close individuals (e.g., partners) cause more relational damage than those told to acquaintances. Smith warns that avoiding conflict via dishonesty can “deaden” intimate connections over time, urging conscious transparency to preserve trust.

What is a key quote from *Why We Lie*?

“Lying is a very natural human trait… it lets you manipulate the way you want to be seen by others”. This underscores Smith’s thesis that deception is an unconscious tool for social survival, not merely a moral failing.

인간의 비극, 거짓말

기만과 무의식의 진화론적 뿌리

데이비드 리빙스턴 스미스

3.62(259 Reviews)

인간의 비극, 거짓말 개요

"왜 우리는 거짓말을 하는가(Why We Lie)"는 동물의 위장술부터 인간의 자기기만에 이르기까지, 기만의 진화론적 뿌리를 밝혀냅니다. 도킨스(Dawkins) 및 핑커(Pinker)와 나란히 찬사를 받는 스미스(Smith)의 도발적인 논지는 다음과 같습니다. 거짓말은 부도덕한 것이 아니라 생존을 위해 필수적이라는 것입니다. 지금 이 순간에도 당신의 무의식이 당신을 속이고 있을까요? 그 답은 당신을 놀라게 할지도 모릅니다.

전달 방식을 선택하세요

한 권의 책, 다양한 듣기 방식.

인간의 비극, 거짓말의 같은 아이디어를 담았습니다. 나에게 맞는 목소리, 깊이, 속도를 고르고 언제든 바꿔 보세요.

1장

The Deceptive Dance: Unmasking Our Evolutionary Talent for Lies

Have you ever caught yourself in a small lie and wondered why it came so naturally? You're not alone. David Livingstone Smith's groundbreaking exploration of human deception suggests we might be better named Homo fallax (deceptive man) rather than Homo sapiens (wise man). This provocative thesis has made "Why We Lie" a favorite among psychologists, evolutionary biologists, and even politicians seeking to understand human nature. When Barack Obama was asked about books that helped shape his worldview, this title appeared alongside works by Shakespeare and the Bible. The book's cultural impact extends beyond academia-celebrities like Natalie Portman have cited it when discussing the "masks" we wear in public life. What makes Smith's work so compelling is its uncomfortable revelation: deception isn't a moral failing but a fundamental feature of human psychology, shaped by millions of years of evolution to help us navigate our complex social world.

2장

Natural-Born Liars: The Ubiquity of Human Deception

Human beings are grandmasters of mendacity. While a juvenile baboon might feign distress to steal food from an adult, such animal deceptions pale compared to our capacity for deceit. Our minds evolved not primarily for truth-seeking but for reproductive success-nature selected mental capacities that helped spread our genes, not necessarily those promoting honesty. Deception has been a major human concern since our earliest cultural narratives. From the Garden of Eden to King Lear to Little Red Riding Hood, stories of deception captivate us because they speak to something fundamental in the human condition. Deceit permeates all human relationships-between parents and children, spouses, employers and employees, governments and citizens. The paradox of deception is that it must conceal its own existence to be effective. This makes it simultaneously ubiquitous and elusive. Despite claiming to value honesty, we're dimly aware that too much truth can be antisocial. As portrayed in works like Dostoevsky's Prince Mishkin or the film "Liar, Liar!", absolute honesty wreaks havoc. Evolutionary biology suggests no normal person could maintain complete truthfulness-we are natural-born liars. Taking a biologically realistic view, lying encompasses any behavior that provides others with false information or deprives them of truth. This includes not just verbal falsehoods but nonverbal deception like breast implants, hairpieces, feigned illnesses, and fake smiles. Strategic ambiguity and crucial omission-like Clinton's infamous "did not have sexual relations" statement-also constitute deception without explicit falsehoods. Research shows undergraduates lie to their mothers in half of conversations and to strangers 80% of the time. On average, we tell three lies per ten minutes of conversation-and this only counts explicit verbal falsehoods. Our very appearance is carefully arranged deception, a practice dating back at least 70,000 years with archaeological evidence of ochre body adornment. Not only do we excel at deceiving others, we're equally adept at deceiving ourselves. Self-deception is any mental process that conceals information from our conscious mind. This phenomenon has puzzled thinkers for millennia-how can someone simultaneously be both deceiver and deceived?

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

인간의 비극, 거짓말의 각 단어가 오디오에 맞춰 실시간으로 강조되어 편하게 따라 읽을 수 있습니다.

3장

The Evolutionary Arms Race: Deception Across Species

Deception exists throughout the biosphere-from lowly viruses to great apes, living things exchange meaningful signals through languages of form, color, chemicals, behavior and sound. Once, biologists believed animal and plant communication existed to transmit true information. This reassuring idea is wrong-it reflects an idealization of nature and failure to observe closely. To flourish, organisms must use resources around them, including other organisms. When force isn't an option, they must use guile. Some employ the "puppet master strategy" of directly manipulating another creature's brain, like the parasitic fluke that infects California killifish, causing them to swim erratically near the surface where shore birds can easily catch them. The mirror orchid exploits wasps through techniques similar to human scam artists. Like a con man, the orchid must "understand" what motivates its victim and use this knowledge for its own ends. Though it sounds strange to speak of a brainless plant reading minds, this may reflect our human-centered prejudices. The mirror orchid's uncanny ability to manipulate its pollinator represents accumulated wisdom from millions of years of evolutionary trial and error. Animals constantly face tough choices about avoiding predators, choosing mates, deciding when to fight or flee. Making the "right" choice depends on assessing likely outcomes, which requires predicting others' behavior. This prediction ability-mind reading-facilitates deception, while deception encourages better mind reading. These abilities bounce off each other in an intimate dialectic spiraling through evolutionary time. Camouflage, or crypsis, allows animals to hide in plain sight. Color-changing isn't limited to chameleons-it's used by worms, mollusks, insects, spiders, fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. Some cuttlefish can even modify their body texture and sprout new appendages to become indistinguishable from their environment. Mimicry involves three parties: the mimic (performer of deception), the model (whom the mimic impersonates), and the dupe (who is fooled). The mimic octopus is nature's greatest impersonator, able to transform into venomous soles, lionfish, or sea snakes by changing its shape, color, and movement patterns.

4장

The Machiavellian Mind: How Deception Shaped Human Intelligence

The most effective cheating happens behind deception's smokescreen, operating in the shadows where detection becomes nearly impossible. This creates an evolutionary arms race between deception and detection abilities, driving increasingly sophisticated social intelligence. Social interactions require chess-like planning, often extending multiple moves ahead while anticipating others' potential responses through complex decision trees - demanding "intelligence unparalleled in any other sphere of living." This "Machiavellian intelligence" hypothesis suggests that deception and the corresponding need for suspicion and detection were primary drivers of primate brain evolution, explaining our species' remarkable cognitive capabilities. Language represented a quantum leap in our deceptive capabilities, introducing unprecedented complexity to social interactions. Words require minimal energy expenditure and commitment, making promises remarkably easy to break compared to physical actions. This evolutionary history explains why we instinctively privilege nonverbal cues over verbal statements when detecting deception - our ancient detection systems remain more attuned to physical tells than linguistic content. As Shakespeare astutely noted in Macbeth, "False face must hide what the false heart doth know," yet our bodies consistently betray us through involuntary signals that evolved long before speech. The genuine smile, first documented by nineteenth-century neurologist Guillaume Duchenne, provides a fascinating window into this dynamic. True happiness engages the orbicularis oculi muscles around the eyes (creating "crow's feet"), while fake smiles only activate the zygomaticus major muscles of the mouth. This distinction proves remarkably universal - even babies instinctively reserve genuine Duchenne smiles for mothers while offering counterfeit ones to strangers. We unconsciously detect these subtle distinctions through what anthropologist Gregory Bateson termed a "secret code that is written nowhere, known by none, and understood by all" - an implicit language of authenticity written in muscle movements. Deception creates measurable psychological and physiological stress, particularly when facing skeptical audiences primed to punish dishonesty. Like Pinocchio's growing nose, liars reveal themselves through an array of involuntary signals - elevated voice pitch, facial blushing, increased perspiration, microexpressions of guilt, or conspicuously wooden behavior from over-controlled body language. These stress responses stem from the cognitive load of maintaining false narratives while suppressing truth. Self-deception evolved as nature's elegant solution to this "Pinocchio problem." As evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers proposed in his landmark theory, "the overriding function of self-deception is the more fluid deception of others." By hiding uncomfortable truths from our conscious minds, we conceal them more effectively from others, avoiding the stress signals that typically betray deception. Self-deception allows us to lie sincerely, projecting genuine belief in our falsehoods. This explains why the most effective deceivers often believe their own lies, having mastered the art of self-delusion in service of social manipulation.

인간의 비극, 거짓말에서 더 많은 것을 얻으세요

매일 새로운 인사이트를 10만 개 이상의 레슨에서 만나보세요
단어가 강조되어 오디오와 실시간으로 동기화됩니다
내 라이브러리를 저장하고 모든 기기에서 이용하세요

5장

The Partitioned Mind: Consciousness and Unconscious Processing

The Machiavellian mind requires a deep division between conscious and unconscious regions. Scientific evidence increasingly confirms that introspection gives us only a partial, misleading picture of our inner lives. This division is not merely theoretical but manifests in countless ways throughout our daily experiences and has been documented through rigorous scientific investigation. Our everyday experiences offer frequent glimpses into this hidden realm of unconscious processing. Thoughts often "pop" into our heads unbidden, like uninvited guests arriving at a party - whether it's suddenly remembering an important task while showering, or having the perfect comeback hours after a conversation. Creative breakthroughs frequently emerge from unconscious processes, particularly during periods of relaxation or engagement in unrelated activities. Mathematician Henri Poincare meticulously documented how solutions to complex mathematical problems came to him suddenly-while boarding a bus, walking by the sea, or after periods of intense conscious struggle followed by rest. This pattern of insight following incubation has become known as the "Poincare phenomenon" in creativity research. These insights don't feel self-generated but rather seem to "present themselves" or "appear" to awareness, suggesting their origin in unconscious mental processes. Charles Darwin described how evolution's mechanism occurred to him "to my joy" while in his carriage, after years of collecting data but unable to consciously formulate the theory. Andrew Wiles called solving Fermat's Last Theorem an "incredible revelation" after seven years of focused work. Even mundane experiences like remembering birthdays, finding lost keys, or recognizing faces happen through complex neural processes we cannot consciously access or articulate. Benjamin Libet's groundbreaking experiments in the 1980s revealed disturbing truths about consciousness and free will. When subjects were asked to press a button at will while noting the exact moment they decided to act, Libet discovered their brains began preparing for action through a "readiness potential" over a third of a second before conscious awareness of the decision. This finding fundamentally contradicts our intuitive belief that conscious decisions initiate actions-a universal delusion that shapes our understanding of human agency and responsibility. Libet's research went further, demonstrating that consciousness consistently lags behind sensory stimulation. While brief electrical stimulation of the sensory cortex produces immediate neural activity, conscious experience requires sustained stimulation lasting approximately half a second. Even more surprisingly, there's a half-second delay between a stimulus (like a pinprick) and conscious sensation - a gap that challenges our assumption of immediate awareness. Why doesn't daily life feel like a badly dubbed movie, given these temporal delays? The brain employs sophisticated mechanisms to create a seamless experience, unconsciously "backdating" sensations by seven-tenths of a second to create the illusion of instantaneous response. This demonstrates that conscious experience systematically distorts reality, filling gaps and smoothing perception's jagged edges through complex neural processes operating outside our awareness. This "temporal binding" mechanism ensures our conscious experience feels continuous and coherent, despite the underlying delays and discontinuities in neural processing. These findings collectively suggest that consciousness serves more as an interpreter of experience rather than its primary author, raising profound questions about human agency, free will, and the nature of conscious experience itself.

6장

Playing Social Poker: The Game We Don't Know We're Playing

Social interaction resembles a high-stakes game we play best when unaware we're playing it. Like predator-prey dynamics, social life requires anticipating others' moves while concealing our own intentions. Skills originally evolved for survival against predators were repurposed for social competition when humans became their own main predators. This evolutionary shift created sophisticated mental mechanisms for navigating complex social landscapes, much like how prey animals developed intricate systems for detecting and evading threats. The unconscious mind must influence behavior without conscious awareness, requiring agility and speed to think several moves ahead. Effective social operators need an intuitive grasp of others' mental states to manipulate behavior advantageously. Consider how skilled negotiators instinctively read micro-expressions, body language, and subtle vocal cues without consciously processing each signal. This creates a fundamental tension: shrewd social play requires understanding human self-interest, while self-deception requires disavowing this knowledge. Nature's elegant solution? Split the mind, allowing consciousness to remain socially myopic while Machiavellian intelligence operates behind the scenes, much like a puppet master controlling strings from above. Social life resembles poker more than chess, requiring deception and mind-reading. Expert poker players use techniques mirroring animal defensive strategies: the "poker face" (crypsis, like a chameleon's camouflage), incessant chatter (diversion, similar to a killdeer's broken-wing display), and unpredictable behavior (protean strategy, like a rabbit's erratic escape pattern). They read others' "tells"-involuntary information leaks-while suppressing their own and even creating false tells to mislead opponents. A master player might deliberately display nervousness when holding a strong hand, creating a pattern that can be exploited later. We play social poker "in the dark" because "part of the game of social competition involves concealing how it is played" from our own conscious minds. As unconscious poker players, we manipulate others while remaining innocent of our self-serving intentions. This self-deception is so complete that when accused of manipulation, we can sincerely take offense and claim paranoia on the accuser's part. For instance, a manager might genuinely believe they're providing constructive feedback while unconsciously undermining a potential rival. Freud proposed that everyone possesses "in his unconscious an instrument" to interpret others' unconscious communications-essentially a mental module specialized for interpersonal perception that can detect what lies behind deceptive social veneers. This "Machiavellian module" operates unconsciously, is domain-specific (attuned to emotionally charged, concealed mental states), and processes the disguised expressions of others' unconscious thoughts. Like a sophisticated radar system, it picks up subtle social signals: the slight tension in a smile, the microsecond delay in a response, or the unconscious mirroring of postures that reveal true intentions beneath surface behaviors. In professional settings, this manifests as "office politics," where individuals navigate complex social hierarchies while maintaining plausible deniability about their strategic maneuvering. The most successful players are often those who sincerely believe they're above such games, even as they expertly play them.

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

인간의 비극, 거짓말의 각 단어가 오디오에 맞춰 실시간으로 강조되어 편하게 따라 읽을 수 있습니다.

7장

The Hidden Language: How We Communicate Without Knowing

Gossip serves as nature's telephone, circulating vital information about whom to trust and whom to avoid. Research shows we spend 80-90% of conversation time discussing other people, with two-thirds focusing on our immediate social networks. This remarkable statistic holds true across cultures and age groups, suggesting a universal human tendency. Robin Dunbar proposes that speech evolved specifically for gossip, as our ancestors needed a more efficient social bonding mechanism than physical grooming. This theory explains why human language capabilities far exceed what's necessary for basic survival communication. Much everyday gossip seems trivial rather than reputation-enhancing or damaging. Friends discuss TV shows, celebrities, or random encounters that provide no obvious evolutionary benefit. They share stories about coworkers' fashion choices, neighbors' garden renovations, or their cousin's new job. The coded communication hypothesis offers an explanation: we unconsciously select particular stories because they symbolically portray the interpersonal dynamics unfolding in the present interaction, encoding information that shields our conscious minds from the complex Machiavellian maneuvers occurring beneath the surface. Unconscious coded communication can be approached through the more familiar concept of conscious encoding. Double entendres-like Mae West's famous "Is that a gun in your pocket?"-allow discussion of taboo subjects through humor. Sometimes we produce these unconsciously, like the man who mumbled about getting "a breast of fresh air" upon seeing a woman's cleavage. These Freudian slips reveal underlying thoughts and emotions that we may not consciously acknowledge. While military codes use arbitrary digital symbols, unconscious communication typically employs analogical coding-representing through resemblance rather than convention. For example, complaining about a "controlling" boss might actually express frustration with a dominant spouse. Unconscious coded messages typically emerge in contexts involving covert conflicts of interest where speaking openly would be disadvantageous. They often seem irrelevant to the conversation, coming "out of the blue" with a peculiar urgency, yet carry deeper meaning when analyzed in context. The author describes how his wife Subrena unconsciously helped calm a distressed mother and baby on a London bus. Without realizing it, she began criticizing their friend Janet's poor parenting skills within earshot of the struggling mother. The mother moved away, became calmer, and the baby stopped crying. When asked later, Subrena was completely unaware of the connection between her story and the situation. This example illustrates how we unconsciously select and share stories that serve immediate social purposes, even when we're not consciously aware of their function. Similar patterns appear in workplace conversations, family dynamics, and social gatherings, where seemingly random anecdotes often carry coded messages about present relationships and situations.

8장

The Therapeutic Window: Seeing Deception in Action

The psychoanalytic setting-with its strange, asymmetrical dynamic where patients reveal everything while therapists remain inscrutable-creates perfect conditions for activating the Machiavellian module. From an evolutionary perspective, the therapy situation unconsciously registers as deeply threatening: someone is trying to uncover your hidden thoughts while concealing their own, resembling a social predator. This dynamic mirrors ancient social scenarios where vulnerability could be exploited, triggering deep-seated defensive mechanisms that evolved to protect us from manipulation. Robert J. Langs was the first psychoanalyst to systematically study unconscious perception and communication in therapy. Through decades of clinical observation, he proposed that patients' stories carry unconscious messages in figurative language that covertly express their unconscious interpretations of their therapists-often portraying them as social predators. This encoded communication serves as a protective mechanism, allowing patients to safely express their anxieties and perceptions without direct confrontation. Clinical vignettes demonstrate how patients unconsciously respond to breaches of confidentiality through coded narratives. In one case, seven-year-old Ali enacts a story about naked boys being filmed in a locker room after his therapist fails to notice a peephole in the therapy room door. His play therapy sessions suddenly shifted to themes of invasion and exposure, reflecting his unconscious awareness of the compromised privacy. In another case, thirteen-year-old Jane tells a story about betrayal through phone calls after her therapist discussed her case with her mother. She repeatedly brought up themes of secret-sharing and broken trust in seemingly unrelated stories about school friends, unconsciously processing her therapist's breach of confidence. The case of Eileen and Nick reveals how the Machiavellian module detects hidden motives with remarkable precision. When therapist Eileen suggested doubling Nick's sessions "for his benefit," his conscious mind accepted her altruism at face value. However, his unconscious told a different story through his narratives. First discussing the movie Jaws, Nick unconsciously portrayed Eileen as a predatory shark circling its prey, using vivid descriptions of the shark's hunting patterns that paralleled therapeutic manipulation. Then mentioning prostitutes "selling themselves," he unconsciously framed her as soliciting business, drawing parallels between commercial exploitation and therapeutic relationships. These encoded narratives revealed his Machiavellian module's detection of her concealed self-interest in increasing her income-an insight his conscious mind missed completely. The therapeutic setting thus provides a unique window into how our unconscious mind processes potential deception. Through metaphor and symbolic communication, patients demonstrate an innate ability to detect hidden agendas and respond to perceived threats, even when these insights remain outside conscious awareness. This understanding has profound implications for therapeutic practice and our broader understanding of human social intelligence.

인간의 비극, 거짓말에서 더 많은 것을 얻으세요

매일 새로운 인사이트를 10만 개 이상의 레슨에서 만나보세요
단어가 강조되어 오디오와 실시간으로 동기화됩니다
내 라이브러리를 저장하고 모든 기기에서 이용하세요

9장

Beyond Self-Deception: Facing Our Evolutionary Heritage

While Descartes imagined battling an all-powerful deceptive demon while seeking certainty, the real demon was within himself. Self-deception, once adaptive for our ancestors in small nomadic bands where group cohesion and social harmony were paramount for survival, has become increasingly dangerous in our modern world of complex global interactions. The most perilous forms are collective delusions-patriotism, moral crusades, religious fervor-that divide the world into good and evil. These tribal instincts, which once helped small groups survive, now fuel conflicts on an unprecedented scale. Though we can't eliminate self-deception entirely (nor should we, as it serves some protective psychological functions), we could significantly reduce its harmful effects through several approaches. We should teach real history instead of sanitized fairy tales, including uncomfortable truths about our past. We need to reframe blind loyalty as potentially dangerous rather than inherently virtuous, recognizing how unquestioning devotion has enabled historical atrocities. Systematic inoculation against harmful illusions through critical thinking education and exposure to diverse perspectives can help build resistance to manipulation. At minimum, we might acknowledge our nature as natural-born liars, recognizing that we know less about ourselves and more about others than we realize. The evolutionary perspective suggests some psychological theories will never "feel right" precisely because they address aspects of human nature we're designed to reject. Our intuitive resistance to certain ideas about human behavior - like unconscious motivations or evolutionary explanations - may itself be evidence for their validity. Only rigorous empirical testing, not intuitive appeal or personal comfort, can ultimately validate or falsify these ideas about unconscious communication and motivation. Understanding ourselves requires systematic scientific investigation, not mere introspection. The interval between unconscious awareness and conscious perception provides ample opportunity for what researchers call the Machiavellian unconscious to filter, edit, and tamper with incoming information. Modern humans operate as naive realists who systematically misconstrue both themselves and others, their perceived "objective reality" actually being the product of unnoticed interpretative manipulations. This explains why eyewitness testimony can be unreliable and why people can maintain contradictory beliefs without noticing the inconsistency. Perhaps the most unsettling insight from Smith's work is that depression may involve a deficit in self-deception rather than distorted thinking. Multiple studies show high levels of self-deception correlate strongly with conventional measures of mental health and life satisfaction-suggesting "normality" may rest on a foundation of strategic self-deception. Depressed individuals often demonstrate more accurate self-assessment and realistic worldviews than their non-depressed peers, a phenomenon known as "depressive realism." As philosopher David Nyberg wryly notes, "Self knowledge isn't all that it's cracked up to be." This suggests that some degree of self-deception may be necessary for psychological well-being in our complex modern world.

★★★★★

인간의 비극, 거짓말 완독을 축하합니다

100만 명 이상의 학습자가 사랑합니다

“23일째 매일 사용하고 있어요. 이제 제 일상의 한 부분이 되었습니다.”

jayallen

인간의 비극, 거짓말의 핵심 주제

evolutionary deception
biological mimicry
self-deception mechanisms
social manipulation
machiavellian intelligence

인간의 비극, 거짓말의 명언

Human beings are grandmasters of mendacity.
We are natural-born liars.
Too much truth can be antisocial.
Deception must conceal its own existence to be effective.
Our minds evolved not primarily for truth-seeking.

인간의 비극, 거짓말의 등장인물

David Livingstone SmithAuthor and philosopher exploring human deception
Prince MishkinDostoevsky character used to show honesty's havoc

저자 소개

*왜 우리는 거짓말을 하는가: 기만과 무의식의 진화적 뿌리(Why We Lie: The Evolutionary Roots of Deception and the Unconscious Mind)*의 저자인 데이비드 리빙스턴 스미스(David Livingstone Smith)는 도덕 심리학, 비인간화, 인간 본성을 전문으로 하는 저명한 철학자이자 학제간 연구자입니다. 뉴잉글랜드 대학교의 철학 교수인 스미스는 전직 정신분석학적 심리치료사로서의 배경과 엄격한 철학적 탐구를 결합하여 기만, 이데올로기, 폭력이라는 주제를 탐구합니다.

수상 경력에 빛나는 *인간 이하: 왜 우리는 타인을 비하하고 노예로 삼고 말살하는가(Less Than Human: Why We Demean, Enslave and Exterminate Others)*와 *괴물 만들기: 비인간화의 기묘한 힘(Making Monsters: The Uncanny Power of Dehumanization)*을 포함한 그의 저작들은 여러 언어로 번역되었으며 학계, 언론 및 정책 분야에서 널리 인용되고 있습니다.

스미스의 전문성은 2012년 G20 경제 정상회의 기조연설과 디 애틀랜틱(The Atlantic) 및 CBC 출연 등 주목도 높은 활동으로 이어졌습니다. 그의 저서들은 심리학, 철학, 윤리학 강의에서 자주 교재로 사용되며, 특히 인간 이하는 2012년 아니스필드-울프 도서상(Anisfield-Wolf Award) 비소설 부문을 수상했습니다. 활발한 강연 활동을 펼치고 있는 스미스의 연구는 갈등, 인종차별, 그리고 인간 행동을 유발하는 심리적 기제에 관한 전 세계적인 담론에 지속적으로 영향을 미치고 있습니다.

인간의 비극, 거짓말 요약 다운로드

인간의 비극, 거짓말 요약을 무료 PDF 또는 EPUB으로 받으세요. 인쇄하거나 오프라인에서 언제든 읽을 수 있습니다.

다른 사용자들도 좋아한 책

Born Liars

Ian Leslie

Lying

Sam Harris

Self-Deception: The Lies That Keep Us Going 책 표지

The Many Ways We Lie to Ourselves | Psychology Today Singapore

Temporal view of the costs and benefits of self-deception - PMC

The Ethics of Delusional Belief | Erkenntnis | Springer Nature Link

7 sources

Self-Deception: The Lies That Keep Us Going

People of the lie

M. Scott Peck

Live No Lies

John Mark Comer

Everybody Lies

Seth Stephens-Davidowitz

6 sources

Your Psychology is Lying to You

Why Everyone (Else) Is a Hypocrite

Robert Kurzban

이 책에 대한 FAQ

이 학습 계획의 일부

학습 계획

Lying, deception, and compartmentalization

6 h 5 m•4 에피소드

더 알아보기

학습 계획

Lying, deception, and compartmentalization

Deception is a fundamental aspect of human psychology that impacts everything from personal relationships to societal structures. This learning plan helps individuals understand the mechanisms behind lying and compartmentalization, providing practical skills for detecting manipulation while exploring the ethical complexities of when deception might be justified or harmful.

6 h 5 m•4 섹션

학습 계획

Master self-deception

In a world full of cognitive shortcuts, understanding how we lie to ourselves is the ultimate competitive advantage. This plan is essential for leaders, decision-makers, and individuals seeking personal growth who want to strip away mental illusions and see reality clearly.

5 h 24 m•4 섹션

학습 계획

Why Your Memory Lies

This learning plan is essential for anyone interested in psychology, law, or personal development who wants to understand why our brains often misremember facts. It provides a scientific foundation for those looking to improve their decision-making and interpersonal communication by acknowledging the limits of human recall.

1 h 45 m•4 섹션

학습 계획

The Psychology of Trust and Deception

This learning plan is essential for professionals in high-stakes environments like negotiations, law enforcement, or management where discerning truth is critical. It provides a scientific framework for building authentic connections while developing a sharp eye for the subtle mechanics of human deception.

2 h 4 m•3 섹션

학습 계획

Johan Liebert

This plan provides a deep dive into criminal psychology and the mechanics of manipulation. It is ideal for students of psychology, true crime enthusiasts, or anyone seeking to understand the darkest aspects of human behavior.

5 h 34 m•4 섹션

학습 계획

The Laws of Human Nature

In an era of constant social interaction, understanding the hidden forces that drive human behavior is a vital competitive advantage. This plan is designed for leaders, negotiators, and anyone seeking to improve their interpersonal dynamics and self-mastery.

1 h 30 m•3 섹션

학습 계획

Die Lüge

In einer Welt voller Fehlinformationen ist die Fähigkeit, Täuschung zu durchschauen, eine lebensnotwendige Kompetenz. Dieser Kurs richtet sich an alle, die ihre Menschenkenntnis schärfen, sich vor Manipulation schützen und ein Leben in echter Integrität führen möchten.

4 h 38 m•4 섹션

학습 계획

The Biology of Moral Choice

This learning plan bridges the gap between neuroscience and ethics to reveal how our brains dictate our sense of right and wrong. It is essential for legal professionals, psychologists, and anyone interested in the biological roots of human behavior and accountability.

3 h•6 섹션

샌프란시스코에서 컬럼비아 대학교 동문들이 만들었습니다

LOVED BY

1,000,000+ curious minds.

4.7

avg rating

1M+ learners

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

웹에서 BeFreed가 어떻게 논의되고 있는지 더 보기

샌프란시스코에서 컬럼비아 대학교 동문들이 만들었습니다

LOVED BY

1,000,000+ curious minds.

4.7

avg rating

1M+ learners

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

웹에서 BeFreed가 어떻게 논의되고 있는지 더 보기

지금 바로 학습 여정을 시작하세요

5장

인간의 비극, 거짓말

개요인간의 비극, 거짓말 개요

한 권의 책, 다양한 듣기 방식.

The Deceptive Dance: Unmasking Our Evolutionary Talent for Lies

Natural-Born Liars: The Ubiquity of Human Deception

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

The Evolutionary Arms Race: Deception Across Species

The Machiavellian Mind: How Deception Shaped Human Intelligence

인간의 비극, 거짓말에서 더 많은 것을 얻으세요

The Partitioned Mind: Consciousness and Unconscious Processing

Playing Social Poker: The Game We Don't Know We're Playing

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

The Hidden Language: How We Communicate Without Knowing

The Therapeutic Window: Seeing Deception in Action

인간의 비극, 거짓말에서 더 많은 것을 얻으세요

Beyond Self-Deception: Facing Our Evolutionary Heritage

인간의 비극, 거짓말 완독을 축하합니다

인간의 비극, 거짓말의 핵심 주제

인간의 비극, 거짓말의 명언

인간의 비극, 거짓말의 등장인물

저자 소개

인간의 비극, 거짓말 요약 다운로드

다른 사용자들도 좋아한 책

이 책에 대한 FAQ

What is Why We Lie by David Livingstone Smith about?

Who should read Why We Lie by David Livingstone Smith?

Is Why We Lie by David Livingstone Smith worth reading?

What are the six common reasons people lie according to Why We Lie?

이 학습 계획의 일부

Lying, deception, and compartmentalization

더 알아보기

1,000,000+ curious minds.

1,000,000+ curious minds.

한 권의 책, 다양한 듣기 방식.

The Deceptive Dance: Unmasking Our Evolutionary Talent for Lies

Natural-Born Liars: The Ubiquity of Human Deception

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

The Evolutionary Arms Race: Deception Across Species

The Machiavellian Mind: How Deception Shaped Human Intelligence

인간의 비극, 거짓말에서 더 많은 것을 얻으세요

The Partitioned Mind: Consciousness and Unconscious Processing

Playing Social Poker: The Game We Don't Know We're Playing

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

The Hidden Language: How We Communicate Without Knowing

The Therapeutic Window: Seeing Deception in Action

인간의 비극, 거짓말에서 더 많은 것을 얻으세요

Beyond Self-Deception: Facing Our Evolutionary Heritage

인간의 비극, 거짓말 완독을 축하합니다

다른 사용자들도 좋아한 책

이 학습 계획의 일부

Lying, deception, and compartmentalization

더 알아보기

인간의 비극, 거짓말 개요