Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet

Summary of Broad Band

1. 1

   The Hidden History Written in Code

   

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   Your first computer probably wasn't remarkable-maybe a beige box with a screeching modem that transformed your bedroom into something magical. Mine certainly wasn't special by today's standards, yet it opened portals to worlds I'd never imagined. Those machines are gone now, recycled or rusting in distant landfills, but what they enabled remains: human connection across impossible distances. Here's what most technology histories won't tell you-the internet wasn't built by lone geniuses in garages. It was constructed, programmed, and imagined into existence by women whose names you've likely never heard. From the first algorithm to the social architecture of online communities, women have been there at every technological revolution, often doing work nobody valued until suddenly everyone did. For nearly two centuries, "computer" wasn't a machine-it was a job title. Classified ads sought human computers to perform complex calculations, charting stars and solving equations in intellectual factories. By the mid-twentieth century, this work became so associated with women that mathematicians measured machine power in "girl-years" and "kilogirls." The connection between textiles and computing runs deeper than metaphor. Joseph-Marie Jacquard's revolutionary loom used punched cards to weave intricate patterns, separating design from execution for the first time. Charles Babbage, inspired by a silk portrait of Jacquard woven using 24,000 punched cards, adopted textile language for his computing machines-"store" and "mill" became memory and processor.

2. 2

   Pioneers Who Programmed the Future

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   Ada Byron, Lord Byron's daughter, met Babbage at seventeen and became fascinated by his Difference Engine. Denied university access due to her gender, she studied mathematics privately and realized what Babbage missed: his Analytical Engine could process any symbolically represented information - music, language, anything reducible to symbols. Her notes anticipated computer science by nearly a century. During World War II, the Navy sent Grace Hopper - a thirty-six-year-old mathematics professor deemed too old and underweight for service - to Harvard's physics laboratory. She mastered the Mark I computer without manual or instruction, maintaining 95% uptime during wartime. Her lasting contribution was democratizing computers through reusable code and documentation that let people communicate with machines using words rather than pure mathematics. In winter 1951, Grace completed the first compiler, A-0, enabling computers to write their own programs by compiling reusable subroutines into machine code, slashing development time from weeks to hours. The proliferation of different compilers created chaos. In 1959, Grace organized meetings that produced COBOL, a common business language. By 2000, 80% of planetary code was written in COBOL.

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   The Women Who Made ENIAC Think and Built the Industry

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   The ENIAC-Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer-is celebrated as the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. What's rarely mentioned: it was programmed entirely by six women. Betty Snyder Holberton, Betty Jean Jennings Bartik, Ruth Lichterman Teitelbaum, Kathleen McNulty Mauchly Antonelli, Marlyn Wescoff Meltzer, and Frances Bilas Spence made the massive machine perform its calculations, yet press coverage of its 1946 debut completely ignored them. The New York Times erased both the female computers who did such calculations manually and the women who programmed them. After the demonstration, none of the six women were invited to the celebration dinner. Betty Jean Jennings later wrote that it felt like "history had been made that day, and then it had run over us and left us in its tracks." This erasure reflected programming's status as "subprofessional, clerical work." After the war, many pioneering women joined the Electronic Control Company, the world's first commercial computer company. Betty Holberton became its secret weapon-a programming genius who thought "like a radar screen," circling challenges until she understood them completely. She changed UNIVAC's color to the oatmeal beige that became standard and created the first program that could write other programs. Their work elevated programming to the same level as hardware engineering-forging connections with symbols instead of soldering wire.

4. Chapter 4

   Technology for the People and Building Community Infrastructure

   In 1970s San Francisco, a technological commune operated from a massive warehouse. Pam Hardt-English, Sherry Reson, Mya Shone, and Chris Macie lived in hand-built spaces surrounding an SDS-940 mainframe computer worth $150,000. Pam, a Berkeley dropout with "stupendous determination," convinced TransAmerica Leasing to donate the machine as a tax write-off. Despite concrete floors and freezing temperatures, the group believed in making technology accessible through their community computing center, Resource One. When networking Bay Area social service switchboards failed, they installed a terminal at Leopold's record store in Berkeley, housed in a cardboard box labeled "Community Memory." Jude Milhon, a female hacker who later co-edited Mondo 2000, seeded the system with engaging questions like where to find decent bagels. The terminal became a vibrant community bulletin board, demonstrating how networked computing could strengthen local bonds years before the web existed. After Pam left in 1975, the remaining women created the Social Services Referral Directory-a shared database that expanded to two three-inch binders in every library and social services office across the Bay Area. While male hackers touted world-changing technology, these women applied computing locally for immediate community benefit-unglamorous work that connected social workers with families in desperate need.

   Chapter 5

   Building the Internet's Architecture and Making It Scale

   Elizabeth "Jake" Feinler arrived at Stanford Research Institute in 1972, standing out in her business suit among bearded men in beanbags. Douglas Engelbart hired her to produce a "Resource Handbook" for ARPANET, the skeletal Internet funded by the Department of Defense. Jake contacted every host site, documenting their resources in the first comprehensive map of Internet infrastructure. She built the Network Information Center from a two-person operation into an eleven-million-dollar project managing the registry for new hosts and maintaining the crucial Host Table. She excluded formal titles from the directory, creating an egalitarian space where "a kid hacker would be talking to a Nobel Prize winner" without hierarchy. When the paper directory grew unwieldy, she built WHOIS-the original user profile system tracking domain ownership today. As the network expanded, Jake suggested dividing hosts into domains with now-familiar suffixes: .mil, .edu, .gov, .org, and .com. Near Jake's career end, Radia Perlman revolutionized networking at MIT. In 1985, she woke with an elegant solution to Ethernet's scaling limitations-the spanning-tree protocol. Her algorithm created unique, non-looping paths between networked computers, making the system infinitely scalable and self-healing.

   Chapter 6

   Creating Digital Communities That Connected Real Lives

   While ARPANET was designed for research, email became its killer app, transforming it into a social medium. In 1988, Stacy Horn created Echo-East Coast Hang-Out-as a grittier New York alternative to The WELL. Despite banks dismissing the idea that "people would want to socialize via their computers," she invested her savings and recruited users at bars and art openings. Echo achieved nearly 50% female users when the Internet was only 10-15% women-through active recruitment, making membership free for women in 1990, and partnering with women's groups. Echo wasn't just virtual-83% of users met face-to-face at monthly Art Bar meetups, softball games, and cultural events. This real-world connection made Echo the "bedrock of Silicon Alley." Physical gatherings fostered online accountability-it's harder to be cruel to someone you'll see Monday. When Tim Berners-Lee demonstrated the World Wide Web at Hypertext '91, experts were unimpressed. However, being free and built on the Internet, the Web's network effect proved unstoppable. Marisa Bowe joined Echo as "Miss Outer Boro" and later led Word magazine in 1994, bringing her online cultural perspective to digital publishing.

   Chapter 7

   Reclaiming Our Digital Future

   Frustrated with the BBS boys' club, Nancy Rhine and Ellen Pack created Women's WIRE in the early 1990s-the first commercial online service for women. With user-friendly software, plain English commands, and all-female customer support, it quickly became a powerful community. By 1998, nearly 40 million women were online. Women's WIRE rebranded as women.com and pioneered web advertising, selling the first sponsored content to Levi's. Computers have no inherent gender, but cultural messaging discourages female participation early. Brenda Laurel founded Purple Moon to make games for girls. After interviewing nearly 1,000 children, she found girls avoided boys' games-they hated repetitive dying, found violence stressful, and weren't motivated by mastery alone. They preferred exploration, strong storylines, and collaborative play. In summer 1992, a provocative Sydney billboard proclaimed: "WE ARE THE VIRUS OF A NEW WORLD DISORDER." The Cyberfeminists-artists, coders, and writers-saw the Internet as a platform for free expression. Though commercialization showed the Internet wouldn't automatically liberate anyone from sexism, this overlap of activism and technology creates powerful tools for change. When we create technologies, we shape the world. The first step is seeing our technological history clearly, beyond myths of garages and lone geniuses. The second is learning from forebears like Ada Lovelace, Grace Hopper, and the women of Resource One who understood that technology's power lies in who gets to shape it and for what purpose.

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