
How we build our world is destroying it. Vaclav Smil's eye-opening exploration of material consumption reveals why efficiency paradoxically increases demand. Bill Gates praises Smil's concept of "relative dematerialization" - can technological innovation truly save us when concrete remains our most transformative creation?
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Imagine if your smartphone, car, and home suddenly disappeared-not because they weren't invented yet, but because humanity lacked the materials to create them. This was reality for most of human history. Our relationship with materials defines who we are and what we can achieve. While all organisms use materials-termites build massive mounds and marine creatures sequester gigatonnes of minerals annually-humans stand apart through our unique ability to extract, transform, and combine materials with increasing complexity. This relationship has allowed us to reshape our environment and create technologies that would seem magical to our ancestors. Our material journey began with simple stone tools 2.6 million years ago, but the first real breakthrough came 164,000 years ago when humans began heat-treating stones to improve their properties. Early humans showed remarkable skill in selecting specific materials-obsidian, flint, and chert-prized for their predictable fracture patterns and sharp edges. As societies developed, we mastered fired pottery (around 6000 BCE), created sophisticated textiles that predated agriculture, and built megalithic structures like Stonehenge that demonstrated remarkable engineering capabilities without modern equipment.
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