Chapitre 1
Transforming Teen Lives Through Seven Powerful Habits
Have you ever wondered why some teens seem to effortlessly navigate life's challenges while others struggle? The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Teens has become a cultural phenomenon since its publication, selling over 8 million copies worldwide and being translated into over 30 languages. This book has found its way onto the bookshelves of celebrities like LeBron James, who credits its principles for helping shape his early career mindset. Even more impressive, it's become required reading in thousands of schools across America and has been endorsed by educational leaders as a transformative framework for youth development. Sean Covey, son of the legendary Stephen Covey, adapted his father's principles specifically for the turbulent teenage years, creating what Oprah Winfrey once called "essential wisdom for the next generation." Let's explore how these seven powerful habits can transform an ordinary teen life into an extraordinary one.
Chapitre 2
The Foundation: Understanding Paradigms and Principles
At the core of becoming an effective teen lies understanding how we see the world. Our paradigms-the way we perceive, interpret, and understand reality-shape everything about our lives. These mental maps can either empower us or severely limit our potential.
Consider this: In 1962, experts confidently declared, "There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in their home." This statement seems laughably shortsighted today, but it perfectly illustrates how paradigms can blind us to possibilities. Teens often carry equally limiting beliefs: "Nobody in my family has ever gone to college, so I can't either" or "It's impossible to get a good job as a teen."
These paradigms act like glasses through which we view everything. When our paradigms are inaccurate or incomplete, it's like wearing the wrong prescription. What you see is what you get: if you believe you're dumb, that belief will make you act dumb. If you believe you're smart, that belief colors everything positively.
Our paradigms extend beyond self-perception to how we view others and life itself. The "airport cookie story" perfectly illustrates this: a young man sitting at an airport gate believes a woman is stealing his cookies when in reality, she's eating her own identical cookies while he's unknowingly taking hers. Both were operating with incomplete information, leading to completely wrong conclusions.
What drives your life reveals your paradigm. Many teens center their lives around unstable foundations: friends (compromising standards for acceptance), stuff (deriving confidence from possessions), romantic relationships (becoming emotionally dependent), school (obsessing over grades at the expense of learning), or parents (living solely to please them). None of these centers provide lasting stability.
The only truly reliable center is principles-universal, timeless truths that apply equally to everyone. Honesty, service, love, hard work, respect, gratitude, moderation, fairness, integrity, loyalty, and responsibility form a foundation that never fails, plays favorites, or changes. Unlike other centers, principles never let you down. Ironically, living by principles improves all other areas of life-service and respect naturally attract more friends, honesty rebuilds trust, and loyalty strengthens relationships.
Remember: paradigms are powerful but changeable. The journey to effectiveness begins with examining your paradigms and aligning them with enduring principles.
Chapitre 3
Building Your Personal Bank Account: The Foundation of Self-Worth
Before you can achieve public success, you must first win private battles within yourself. This internal foundation-your Personal Bank Account (PBA)-represents how you feel about yourself. Like a financial account, you make deposits and withdrawals through your thoughts, words, and actions.
Consider Sean's football story from BYU. Despite being recruited by several colleges, he found himself only third-string quarterback. After his coach confronted him about lackluster performance, he faced a critical decision. Following weeks of internal struggle with fears of failure and competition, he made a private commitment to give his all. This private victory-overcoming his own doubts-preceded his public victory of eventually starting as quarterback and winning a televised game against Air Force.
The PBA operates on a simple principle: keeping promises to yourself makes deposits, while breaking them creates withdrawals. When your account is low, you'll notice symptoms like negative self-talk, defensiveness, criticism of others, and feelings of inadequacy. A healthy PBA manifests as confidence, willingness to take risks, and resilience in the face of criticism.
Six key deposits build self-confidence. First, keep promises to yourself, treating self-commitments as seriously as promises to others. Start small-commit to waking up when your alarm rings or completing homework before watching TV. Each kept promise builds self-trust.
Second, perform small acts of kindness. Helping others lifts your own spirits, like the Sea of Galilee which gives water and thrives, versus the Dead Sea which hoards and remains lifeless. Third, be gentle with yourself-learn to laugh at mistakes and forgive yourself when you mess up. As Rita Mae Brown wisely noted, "One of the keys to happiness is a bad memory."
Fourth, practice honesty in all forms. Be genuine rather than appearing through "smoke and mirrors." As Judy Garland said: "Always be a first-rate version of yourself, instead of a second-rate version of somebody else." Fifth, renew yourself by finding personal sanctuaries. Teens share diverse refuges: Theodore shooting hockey pucks in his basement, Arian finding solitude in his school's empty auditorium, or Allison connecting with her deceased father at a playground.
Finally, tap into your talents. Discovering and developing your unique abilities creates powerful PBA deposits. These talents might be traditional skills like athletics or music, or quieter gifts like organization, listening, or making others laugh. Bryce's story illustrates this perfectly-after losing his baseball abilities from an accident, he discovered his climbing talent, eventually breaking speed records on the Grand Teton and building a successful backpack company based on his passion.
Remember, making PBA deposits doesn't require mountain climbing-there are countless ways to build confidence through small, consistent actions that honor your worth.
Chapitre 4
Be Proactive: Taking Control of Your Life's Direction
Being proactive-the first and most fundamental habit-means taking responsibility for your life rather than blaming circumstances or others for your situation. It's recognizing that while you can't control everything that happens to you, you can always control your response.
Each day presents about 100 opportunities to choose between being proactive or reactive. Reactive people make impulsive choices, exploding like shaken soda when life gets difficult. They use language that surrenders control: "That's just how I am," "My boss is a jerk," or "You ruined my day." This reactive language is like handing someone else the remote control to your life.
Proactive people think before acting, responding based on values rather than impulses. They remain calm when provoked, like water that doesn't fizz when shaken. Their language reflects ownership: "I'll do it" instead of "I'll try," and "I choose to" instead of "I have to." This puts the remote control back in their hands.
Some people suffer from "victimitis," believing everyone is against them and the world owes them something. They're easily offended, blame others constantly, and resist change. In contrast, proactive people take responsibility for choices, think before acting, bounce back from setbacks, and focus on what they can control rather than worrying about what they can't.
The key insight is focusing on your "circle of control" (attitudes, choices, responses) rather than wasting energy on the "circle of no control" (external circumstances). Renatha's volleyball story illustrates this perfectly-she became so fixated on an opponent's mother's criticism that she lost focus during her game, playing poorly because she concentrated on something outside her control.
Life inevitably deals harsh blows, but our response determines whether setbacks become triumphs. W. Mitchell exemplifies this-despite suffering horrific burns in a motorcycle accident and later becoming paralyzed in a plane crash, he chose to focus on the 9,000 things he could still do rather than the 1,000 he'd lost.
When faced with provocation, the key is to "push pause"-literally stopping before reacting instinctively. During this pause, you can access four uniquely human tools that animals lack: self-awareness (observing your thoughts), conscience (listening to your inner voice about right and wrong), imagination (envisioning new possibilities), and willpower (the power to choose).
Dermell Reed's story powerfully demonstrates these tools in action. After his 13-year-old brother Kevin was killed in a drive-by shooting, Dermell found himself crouched behind a car with a loaded gun, ready to kill the murderer. In that crucial moment, he pushed pause and used imagination to envision his future, conscience to recognize the moral implications, and willpower to walk away instead of seeking revenge. This decision transformed him from potential murderer to honor roll student and college graduate.
Remember: you are the driver of your own life. The choice is always yours whether to react or to act with purpose.
Chapitre 5
Begin With the End in Mind: Creating Your Life's Blueprint
Habit 2 is about developing a clear vision of where you want to go with your life-like having the picture on a puzzle box before assembling the pieces. While Habit 1 establishes that you're the driver of your life, Habit 2 involves deciding your destination and mapping the route.
This approach is something we naturally do in many activities-creating blueprints before building houses, following recipes before baking, outlining before writing. It's particularly crucial during the teenage years, which represent a critical crossroads where choices have lasting impact. The paths chosen in these seven short years affect the remaining sixty-one years of your life.
If you don't create your own vision, someone else-friends, parents, or media-will control your destiny. "Going with the flow" usually leads downhill, like sheep following someone who doesn't know where they're going. The herd rarely knows where it's heading.
A personal mission statement serves as your life's blueprint-like a country's constitution or a company's mission. These statements come in various forms: long, short, poems, songs, quotes, or even pictures. Beth Haire committed to faith, family and optimism. Mary Beth Sylvester adopted Sinead O'Connor lyrics about living by her own policies. Adam Sosne created a detailed list including having confidence and helping others.
Your mission statement opens your eyes to what's truly important, helping you make aligned decisions. Like a tree with deep roots, it provides stability amid life's constant changes-fickle relationships, uncontrollable events, and shifting fads. While everything around you changes, your mission statement remains your immovable trunk to hold onto.
To discover your deeper self before writing a mission statement, ask profound questions: Who has influenced you most? What's your twenty-year vision? What would you risk crossing a steel beam between skyscrapers for? What would you study given unlimited library time? What do you love doing? How do you want others to describe you? These reflections reveal your core values, passions, and strengths.
Once your mission is established, you need goals to break it down into manageable pieces. Setting effective goals requires five key principles: count the cost by realistically assessing sacrifices needed; write goals down to give them power; fully commit with an "I will" attitude; use momentous moments like new years as springboards; and "rope up" by connecting with supportive others.
David's story illustrates powerful goal-setting in action. As a 90-pound freshman football player who couldn't find equipment small enough, he transformed frustration into determination. After failing at football, wrestling, and track, he privately set ambitious goals: reach six feet tall, weigh 180 pounds, bench-press 250 pounds, become starting wide receiver, all-state sprinter, and team captain. Through years of discipline-eating constantly, taking protein powder, working out with a friend who enforced weekly weight gains, even sleeping in a completely darkened room-David achieved nearly all his goals, proving that "Whatever the mind of man can conceive and believe, the hand of man can achieve."
Remember that life is brief. As Professor Keating told his students in Dead Poets Society while showing old photos: "We are food for worms" and "Carpe diem. Seize the day, boys! Make your lives extraordinary!" Your destiny remains undetermined-why not make it extraordinary?
Chapitre 6
Put First Things First: Mastering the Art of Prioritization
Habit 3 is about prioritizing what matters most-using willpower to say yes to important things and won't-power to say no to less important things. It builds on the first two habits: Habit 1 says "You're the driver," Habit 2 says "Decide where to go," and Habit 3 says "Get there without letting roadblocks knock you off course."
Just as neatly folding clothes lets you pack more into a suitcase, better organization helps you fit more into life. The Time Quadrants model helps prioritize activities based on importance (activities contributing to your mission and goals) and urgency (pressing activities demanding immediate attention).
Quadrant 1 contains urgent and important activities. While some Q1 activities are unavoidable emergencies, many result from procrastination-like cramming for tests. The Procrastinator thrives here, addicted to the rush of last-minute pressure, putting everything off until crisis point. This approach leads to stress, anxiety, and burnout.
Quadrant 2 represents excellence-activities that are important but not urgent. The Prioritizer plans ahead, does homework on time, writes papers in advance, and maintains balance. They've learned to say no with a smile, resisting peer pressure. The results are control of your life, balance, and high performance.
Quadrant 3 contains activities that are urgent but not important. The Yes-man can't say no to anyone, tries to please everyone but pleases no one, and caves to peer pressure. As Bill Cosby said, "The key to failure is trying to please everyone."
Quadrant 4 represents waste-activities neither urgent nor important. The Slacker loves excess: too much TV, sleep, video games, or web time. While relaxation activities are healthy in moderation, they become wasteful when excessive.
Using a planner with calendar and space for appointments creates freedom by preventing forgotten commitments. Taking just fifteen minutes each week to plan makes a tremendous difference. The three-step process involves: 1) Identifying your "big rocks" (most important tasks); 2) Blocking out time for these big rocks first; and 3) Scheduling everything else around them.
Time management is only half of Habit 3. The other half involves overcoming fear and peer pressure to stay true to your priorities. Your comfort zone represents familiar territory where you feel safe, while the courage zone involves risk, uncertainty, and possibility of failure-but also growth and opportunity. As Wayne Gretzky said, "You miss 100 percent of the shots you never take."
Hard moments are conflicts between doing the right thing and doing the easier thing-they're defining moments that shape our futures. Being strong in these moments can make "all the difference." Don't sacrifice future happiness for momentary pleasure, as Shakespeare wrote: "Who buys a minutes' mirth to wail a week? Or sells eternity to get a toy?"
The key to putting first things first is discipline. Albert E. Gray discovered that successful people share one common trait: "All successful people have the habit of doing the things failures don't like to do. They don't like doing them either necessarily. But their disliking is subordinated to the strength of their purpose." Successful people exercise willpower to do difficult things that lead to their goals, whether they feel like it or not.
Chapitre 7
Building Relationship Bank Accounts: The Foundation of Connection
After mastering the Private Victory (Habits 1-3), the journey continues with the Public Victory-learning to work cooperatively with others. Your ability to get along with others largely determines career success and personal happiness.
Relationships are "the stuff that life is made of." The relationship bank account (RBA) represents the trust and confidence in each relationship. Like a checking account, you make deposits to strengthen relationships or withdrawals that weaken them. Unlike financial accounts, the RBA differs in three ways: you have an RBA with everyone you meet, once opened you can never close an RBA, and deposits tend to evaporate while withdrawals turn to stone.
Six key deposits build strong relationships. First, keep promises. Sean shares how he once forgot to empty trash bags from his dad's borrowed car, then took the car without permission and crashed it. His father was furious-not about the crash, but about the broken promises. Keeping commitments, even small ones, builds trust.
Second, perform small acts of kindness. A compliment, smile, or kind note might seem insignificant but can transform someone's day. Renon shares how her popular brother Hans invited her to his junior prom when his date got sick, treating his little sister like royalty instead of complaining about his misfortune.
Third, be loyal-defend others even when they're not present. Gossiping creates two problems: it makes withdrawals from everyone who hears your comments (they'll wonder what you say about them when they're gone), and it creates an "invisible withdrawal" from the person being discussed. Being loyal takes courage but earns respect, and family relationships especially deserve loyalty since they last a lifetime.
Fourth, listen deeply. Listening can be one of the greatest deposits because most people don't listen, and listening can heal wounds. Fifteen-year-old Tawni shares how she resolved communication troubles with her parents after her cousin simply listened to her "freak out and cry and scream for two and a half hours."
Fifth, apologize when you've made a mistake. This can quickly restore an overdrawn relationship account, though it takes courage to admit wrongdoing. Seventeen-year-old Lena shares how her parents forgive almost anything when she apologizes. Apologies disarm people-when someone is offended, they metaphorically take up a sword for protection, but an apology makes them drop it.
Finally, set clear expectations to prevent relationship withdrawals caused by misunderstandings. People often create false expectations by trying to please others in the moment-like agreeing to help with a weekend project when already fully booked, or implying romantic interest that doesn't exist.
If you have a damaged important relationship, commit to rebuilding it one deposit at a time. Though rebuilding trust takes time-possibly months to rebuild what took months to destroy-the effort will ultimately prove worthwhile.
Chapitre 8
Think Win-Win: Creating Mutual Success
Think Win-Win is an attitude toward life based on the belief that everyone can succeed together-"I can win, and so can you." It forms the foundation for getting along with others and begins with seeing everyone as equal, neither inferior nor superior.
This concept is best understood by contrasting it with inferior approaches. Win-Lose thinking treats life as a competition where success comes at others' expense. It's the "totem pole syndrome" where your position above others matters most. We're conditioned for this mindset from childhood through competitive activities, status comparisons, and educational systems with forced curves. Win-Lose manifests as using others, advancing at others' expense, spreading rumors, and feeling jealous of others' success.
Lose-Win is the doormat syndrome-appearing nicer than Win-Lose but equally harmful. It's giving in, compromising standards, and letting others walk all over you. Jenny's story illustrates this: she avoided conflict with her mother by agreeing to everything, hiding her true feelings until eventually exploding.
Lose-Lose occurs when both parties suffer, like in war or revenge scenarios. It typically happens when two Win-Lose people clash, each determined to win at all costs. Romantic relationships can deteriorate into Lose-Lose when healthy attachment transforms into possessiveness and jealousy.
Win-Win represents abundance thinking-believing there's plenty of success for everyone. Dawn's basketball story demonstrates this principle: when she began passing the ball to her teammate Pam (who had been freezing her out), their teamwork improved, their friendship strengthened, and both scored more points than before. Win-Win creates more for everyone, like an endless buffet.
Two habits that prevent Win-Win thinking are competing and comparing. Competition has both healthy and destructive sides-it's positive when competing against yourself or when it challenges you to improve, but becomes harmful when tied to self-worth. Comparing yourself to others is equally damaging since everyone develops at different rates. Building your life based on comparisons creates emotional instability.
The Win-Win approach yields remarkable results in various situations. Andy discovered its power in his after-school jobs, finding that taking initiative and looking for ways to help his employer succeed led to recognition and raises. When Win-Win isn't possible, consider "Win-Win or No Deal"-walking away rather than accepting Win-Lose or Lose-Win outcomes.
Jacques Lusseyran's story powerfully illustrates the internal benefits of Win-Win thinking. Despite being blind since age eight, Jacques could "see" light in a different way-until negative Win-Lose thoughts clouded his perception. As he discovered, "When I was anxious to win at all costs... I went into fog or smoke." But when approaching others with confidence and goodwill, he was "rewarded with light."
Chapitre 9
Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood: The Art of Communication
The key to communication and influence with others is simple yet profound: listen first, talk second. This habit opens up a whole new world of understanding by seeing things from another's perspective before sharing your own. The deepest need of the human heart is to be understood-everyone wants to be respected and valued for their uniqueness.
Understanding others before trying to be understood creates powerful connections. The story of a college freshman with anorexia illustrates this perfectly-her roommates didn't lecture or try to fix her; they simply accepted and understood her as a person. Once she felt understood rather than judged, she naturally dropped her defenses and became open to their influence.
Most people don't know how to listen effectively. While we've been taught reading, writing, and speaking since birth, few have ever taken a class on listening-despite it being one of the four primary forms of communication. Instead of truly listening, people typically engage in one of five poor listening styles: spacing out, pretend listening, selective listening, word listening, and self-centered listening.
Genuine listening requires three key practices: First, listen with your eyes, heart, and ears-not just your ears, since only 7 percent of communication comes from words (53 percent is body language, 40 percent is tone and feeling). Second, stand in their shoes-see the world through their perspective rather than treating conversations as competitions to be won. Third, practice mirroring-reflecting back what the other person is saying and feeling in your own words, without judging or advising.
Communication with parents is particularly challenging, but treating them like normal people can transform your relationship. Parents have their own pressures-bosses, bills, unfulfilled dreams they've sacrificed for you-yet teens often fail to understand them. Taking time to listen to your parents yields two benefits: gaining greater respect for them and getting your way more often. This isn't manipulation but principle-when parents feel understood, they become more flexible and trusting.
The second half of Habit 5 requires courage rather than consideration. Practicing only the first half leads to the doormat syndrome-Lose-Win thinking where you bury feelings that eventually resurface in uglier ways. After listening genuinely, you've earned the right to be heard. When giving feedback, ask yourself if it will truly help the person or if you're just trying to fix them. Use "I" messages instead of accusatory "you" messages that sound like labeling.
Remember: you have two ears and one mouth-use them accordingly.
Chapitre 10
Synergize: Achieving More Together Than Apart
Synergy means achieving more together than individuals could alone-finding not your way or my way, but a better way. Like geese flying in V-formation who can travel 71% farther than flying solo, humans achieve remarkable results through collaboration. Synergy is the reward for mastering other habits, especially Win-Win thinking and seeking first to understand.
This principle isn't new; we've all experienced it in successful team projects, fun group activities, or great bands where different instruments combine to create something greater than any could produce alone. In true synergy, no contribution is more important than another-just different.
Celebrating differences is the foundation of synergy. It doesn't happen automatically but requires conscious effort. The author learned this lesson with his high school friend Fine Unga, a Tongan street fighter who seemed completely different from him. Their differences-in appearance, speech, thought patterns, and eating habits-actually made their friendship refreshing and complementary.
With our increasingly diverse world, we can choose from three approaches: Level 1 Shunners fear differences, believing their way is the only right way. Level 2 Tolerators accept everyone's right to be different but keep their distance. Level 3 Celebrators value differences as advantages, understanding that two people who think differently can achieve more than two who think alike.
We're as different internally as we appear externally. We learn differently through various intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Our personalities differ too, like fruits with different characteristics-grapes (reflective, sensitive, creative), oranges (experimental, independent, curious), bananas (organized, fact-finding, direction-followers), or melons (analytical, solution-finders, debaters).
Three major roadblocks to celebrating differences are ignorance, cliques, and prejudice. Ignorance means being clueless about others' beliefs, feelings, or experiences. Cliques become problematic when groups become so exclusive they reject anyone different. Prejudice causes people to be stereotyped based on skin color, accent, or where they live.
Synergy goes beyond compromise or cooperation. While compromise equals 1 + 1 = 112 and cooperation equals 1 + 1 = 2, synergy creates 1 + 1 = 3 or more. Builders understand this principle-two 2"x4" beams nailed together can support far more than twice what one beam can hold.
To achieve synergy in conflicts, follow the five-step process: Define the problem, understand Their Way, express My Way, Brainstorm creative options, and find the High Way. This approach requires maturity-willingness to listen, courage to express your view, and creativity.
Great teams comprise diverse people playing different roles: Plodders who steadily complete tasks, Followers who support leaders, Innovators who provide creative sparks, Harmonizers who create unity, and Show-offs who add spice and momentum. Like a musical performance where different instruments play unique parts yet blend harmoniously, teamwork creates something greater than individual contributions.
Chapitre 11
Sharpen the Saw: Renewing Your Greatest Asset-You
Habit 7 addresses feeling imbalanced, stressed-out, or empty by teaching self-renewal. The name comes from the parable of a man too busy sawing a tree to stop and sharpen his dull blade-a metaphor for people too busy living to renew themselves.
This habit focuses on regularly strengthening four key dimensions: Body (physical-exercise, healthy eating, sleep), Brain (mental-reading, learning new skills), Heart (emotional-building relationships, service), and Soul (spiritual-meditation, journaling, prayer). Balance across all dimensions is crucial because they affect each other-exhaustion impacts friendliness, while spiritual motivation improves focus and social connections.
For your body, focus on four key ingredients: good sleeping habits, physical relaxation, good nutrition, and proper exercise. Listen to your body and pay attention to how different foods make you feel. Be moderate and avoid extremes-occasional junk food won't hurt, but don't make it your everyday fare. Find exercise you enjoy, whether it's competitive sports, running, walking, or dancing. Work to look your best, but becoming obsessed with appearance can lead to eating disorders or steroid use. The important thing is feeling good physically, not matching society's ever-changing ideal of beauty.
For your brain, develop your mind like a well-conditioned athlete. Reading is the foundation of mental development-"reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body." While grades matter for future opportunities, true education goes beyond them. The author emphasizes that disciplining your mind is harder but more important than disciplining your body, and there are no shortcuts-you reap what you sow. Education must be lifelong-"the person who doesn't read is no better off than the person who can't."
For your heart, build relationships through making deposits in both relationship bank accounts (RBAs) and personal bank accounts (PBAs). When it comes to sex and relationships, remember that sex affects not just your body but your heart, self-image, and relationships more than almost any other decision. For those experiencing depression, remember that while feeling down is normal, sustained depression requires help. Finally, embrace laughter as essential heart medicine-studies show children laugh 300 times daily while adults manage only 17 laughs.
For your soul, take time for spiritual renewal through activities like journaling, listening to good music, walking in nature, reading inspiring books, praying, or reflecting on personal goals. What you feed your soul matters as much as what you feed your body. Choose media that makes you feel relaxed, happy, inspired and peaceful rather than depressed, angry or violent.
Life requires balance. There are times when you'll need to push your limits, but sustained imbalance leads to unclear thinking, irritability, and lost perspective. The downtime spent sharpening your saw pays immediate dividends in increased effectiveness. As Abraham Lincoln wisely noted, if given eight hours to cut down a tree, he'd "spend the first four hours sharpening my saw."
Jesse Jackson's powerful refrain "Keep hope alive!" captures the essence of this journey. You can change, kick addictions, improve relationships, and reach your fullest potential-regardless of your current circumstances. If you feel overwhelmed, don't try to change everything at once. Instead, identify which habit you struggle with most, choose just 2-3 things to work on, and let them inspire rather than guilt you. Small changes yield amazing results.
Remember that like airplanes that are off course 90% of the time but still reach their destinations through constant small corrections, you too can reach your goals through persistence. The potential within you is greater than any challenge before you.
