Two and Twenty by Sachin Khajuria Summary

Two and Twenty provides an insider’s perspective on private equity (PE), demystifying its strategies, fee structures, and impact on global finance. Sachin Khajuria, a former Apollo partner, explains how PE firms like Blackstone and Carlyle generate outsized returns through long-term investments, operational expertise, and disciplined risk management. The book also addresses criticisms of the industry, such as conflicts of interest and job cuts, while highlighting its role in retirement systems.

This book is ideal for finance professionals, investors, and anyone curious about private equity’s influence on the economy. It’s particularly valuable for skeptics questioning PE’s wealth accumulation, retirees reliant on pension funds invested in PE, and analysts seeking insights into leveraged buyouts and distressed asset management. Khajuria’s blend of case studies and candid reflections caters to both novices and industry veterans.

Yes, Two and Twenty is a compelling primer on private equity’s opaque world, praised for its clarity and real-world examples. While some critics argue it overly celebrates PE’s successes, the book balances praise with scrutiny of ethical dilemmas, such as fee structures and insider deals. It’s essential reading for understanding how PE shapes markets and retirement portfolios.

The term refers to private equity’s standard compensation: a 2% annual management fee on assets under management and 20% of profits (carried interest). Khajuria explains how this aligns incentives between investors and fund managers but also critiques its potential to prioritize short-term gains over long-term stability. The model has fueled PE’s growth but faces regulatory scrutiny.

Private equity firms manage trillions for pension funds, endowments, and sovereign wealth funds, directly affecting retirement savings. Khajuria highlights PE’s role in delivering higher returns than public markets but warns of illiquidity risks and opaque fees. For example, Apollo’s infrastructure investments may boost yields but lock capital for decades, requiring careful investor due diligence.

Khajuria emphasizes patience, analytical rigor, and a “principal mindset” focused on long-term value over short-term wins. Top investors excel in distressed asset turnarounds, negotiate favorable terms during market downturns, and build relationships with management teams. Adaptability is key, as seen in Apollo’s pivot to insurance-linked investments post-2008.

Yes. Khajuria acknowledges critiques like excessive leverage, job cuts, and conflicts of interest in affiliated deals. He argues that PE often saves failing businesses but concedes some firms prioritize profits over stakeholders. The book encourages regulatory balance to preserve innovation while curbing exploitation.

He predicts continued growth, driven by retail investors and demand for alternative assets. However, he cautions that rising competition and regulatory pressures—such as fee transparency rules—will force firms to innovate. Sustainable investing and technology-driven due diligence are cited as emerging trends.

Key lessons include mastering due diligence, negotiating with empathy, and exiting investments strategically. Khajuria stresses the importance of resilience, citing Apollo’s recovery from the 2008 crisis. He also advises cultivating niche expertise, such as distressed debt or sector-specific turnarounds.

Unlike venture capital (early-stage bets) or hedge funds (liquid markets), PE targets mature companies using leveraged buyouts and hands-on management. Khajuria notes PE’s longer investment horizons (5–10+ years) and focus on operational improvements, contrasting it with hedge funds’ shorter-term trading strategies.

The book analyzes Apollo’s acquisition of LyondellBasell (a distressed chemical giant) and Blackstone’s hotel portfolio turnaround. These examples illustrate how PE firms identify undervalued assets, restructure debt, and align management incentives to unlock value. Khajuria also explores failed deals to highlight risk management pitfalls.

Khajuria acknowledges that PE’s high fees and aggressive tactics can exacerbate inequality and destabilize companies. While defending the industry’s role in economic growth, he calls for greater transparency and ethical guidelines to prevent exploitative practices, such as excessive dividend recaps or layoffs during acquisitions.