In Defense of Selfishness by Peter Schwartz Summary

In Defense of Selfishness challenges the morality of self-sacrifice, arguing that altruism unjustly demands subordination of one’s interests to others. Schwartz redefines selfishness as rational self-interest, advocating for ethical egoism and critiquing institutions like government agencies that prioritize collective welfare over individual rights. The book combines philosophical analysis with real-world examples to dismantle misconceptions about morality.

Fans of Ayn Rand’s Objectivism, critics of altruism, and readers interested in ethical philosophy will find this book provocative. It’s also valuable for those exploring libertarian ideas or seeking to understand critiques of policies framed as “public good,” such as environmental regulations or diversity initiatives.

Yes, for its bold perspective on ethics. While polarizing, Schwartz’s arguments—like linking altruism to systemic inefficiencies (e.g., FDA failures)—spark critical thinking. Reviews note its “eye-opening” analysis of how selflessness often harms both giver and recipient.

Schwartz distinguishes “rational selfishness” from exploitation: it means pursuing one’s well-being through reason, not at others’ expense. He contrasts this with altruism, which he views as a demand for unnecessary sacrifice, such as prioritizing strangers’ needs over personal goals.

Schwartz argues altruism:

• Devalues the individual: Judges actions by sacrifice, not outcomes.
• Promotes injustice: Forces compliance with others’ needs (e.g., wealth redistribution).
• Hinders progress: Stifles innovation by punishing success (e.g., overregulation).

He critiques the FDA’s drug approval process, arguing its “safety-first” altruism delays life-saving treatments. Similarly, he dissects diversity initiatives as collectivist mandates that sacrifice merit-based standards.

• “Altruism equates morality with suffering”.
• “Selfishness is the virtue of respecting your own life”.
• “Government ‘benevolence’ is coercion disguised as charity”.

While both defend rational self-interest, Schwartz focuses on clarifying misunderstandings (e.g., separating selfishness from greed) and modern applications, like environmental policy. Rand’s work lays the philosophical foundation; Schwartz expands it with contemporary case studies.

Critics argue Schwartz:

• Overlooks empathy: Dismisses voluntary compassion as illogical.
• Simplifies altruism: Ignores nuanced forms, like reciprocal aid.
• Promotes individualism excessively: Fails to address systemic societal needs.

• Career: Negotiate salaries without guilt.
• Relationships: Prioritize mutual benefit over one-sided sacrifices.
• Politics: Oppose policies that penalize success (e.g., extreme tax rates).

Yes, Schwartz analyzes figures like Bernie Madoff, arguing his fraud stemmed from altruistic pressure to “give back” unrealistically, not genuine self-interest.

As debates over individualism vs. collectivism intensify (e.g., universal basic income, ESG policies), Schwartz’s critique offers a framework to evaluate policies through an ethical egoism lens.

• Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand (philosophical fiction).
• The Virtue of Selfishness by Ayn Rand (non-fiction).
• The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand (individualism in art and society).