Chapter 4
Mother Earth: The Foundation of Native Spirituality
Perhaps no aspect of Native American philosophy stands in starker contrast to Western thought than the relationship with the land. Chief Seattle's powerful declaration that "the earth is the mother of all people, and all people should have equal rights upon it" establishes the fundamental Native principle of land equality. The earth is not property to be owned but a living relative deserving respect and care.
This perspective manifests in Crazy Horse's powerful declaration: "One does not sell the land people walk on." This statement captures the fundamental disconnect between Native understanding of land as a living relative and the European concept of land as property to be bought and sold. This wisdom continues to challenge our relationship with the earth today.
Wovoka powerfully expresses the sacred relationship with Mother Earth: "You ask me to plow the ground. Shall I take a knife and tear my mother's bosom? You ask me to dig for stones! Shall I dig under her skin for bones?" This profound spiritual understanding of land as a living relative reveals why agricultural practices seemed sacrilegious to many Native peoples.
The Teton Sioux proverb teaches environmental respect with elegant simplicity: "The frog does not drink up the pond in which he lives." This ecological wisdom recognizes that sustainability requires restraint-taking only what is needed while preserving the source for future generations.
Luther Standing Bear speaks of the Indigenous connection to the land: "The American Indian is of the soil... He fits into the landscape, for the hand that fashioned the continent also fashioned the man for his surroundings." This profound belonging to place, like wild sunflowers or buffalo, reveals the deep ecological harmony of Native life.
Chief Seattle further elaborates on this connection: "Our bare feet are conscious of the sympathetic touch of our ancestors as we walk over this Earth." This physical connection between people, ancestors, and land forms the foundation of Native spirituality-a relationship that transcends time and connects generations through the sacred ground they share.
Chapter 5
The Great Spirit: Many Names, One Divine Presence
The Great Spirit radiates as life force through all creation, known by many names across tribes: A'wonawil'onas (Zuni), Wankan-Tankan (Sioux), Tirawa (Pawnee), Great Mystery, and Grandfather. Chief Joseph affirms: "We may quarrel with men about things on Earth, but we never quarrel about the Great Spirit." This universal understanding transcends tribal differences.
Native American spirituality recognizes divine presence throughout creation. As Francis Laflesche of the Osage explains: "All life is Wakan... For even the commonest sticks and stones have a spiritual essence which must be revered as a manifestation of the all-pervading mysterious power that fills the universe." This perspective sees the sacred in the ordinary, the divine in the mundane.
The Great Spirit is understood as the ultimate source of all power and wisdom. Flat Iron's words reveal the Sioux understanding: "From Wakan-Tanka, the Great Mystery, comes all power. It is from Wakan-Tanka that the holy man has wisdom and the power to heal and make holy charms. Man knows that all healing plants are given by Wakan-Tanka, therefore they are holy."
Unlike Western religious traditions that often emphasize divine judgment, Native spirituality frequently portrays the Great Spirit as compassionate and understanding. Red Jacket teaches: "The Great Spirit will not punish us for what we do not know." This perspective acknowledges human limitations while trusting in divine mercy.
Native spirituality also emphasizes direct experience over dogma. Tatanga Mani contrasts Western reliance on written knowledge with indigenous wisdom: "Civilized people depend too much on man-made printed pages. I turn to the Great Spirit's book which is the whole of his creation." This approach prioritizes personal connection with the divine through nature rather than through texts or intermediaries.
This spiritual understanding manifests in practical ethics. Tecumseh teaches the practice of gratitude as essential to spiritual well-being: "Begin each day by giving thanks for morning light, life, strength, food, and joy. If you see no reason for thanksgiving, the fault lies not in the world but within yourself." This daily practice of gratitude connects the individual with the Great Spirit through acknowledgment of blessings.
Chapter 6
Wisdom and Education: Learning from Elders and Nature
Native American educational philosophy differs dramatically from Western approaches. Chief Plenty Coups celebrates the Crow educational tradition where "grandfathers, fathers, and uncles served as patient teachers. They praised excellence without breaking spirits, giving struggling boys more attention until they reached their potential." This intergenerational teaching preserved tribal wisdom while nurturing each child's unique abilities.
Luther Standing Bear describes traditional child-rearing: "Children were encouraged to develop strict discipline and a high regard for sharing. When a girl picked her first berries and dug her first roots, they were given away to an elder... The child was encouraged not to be lazy and to grow straight like a sapling." These practices embedded generosity and diligence from the earliest age.
Nature itself serves as the primary classroom in Native education. Joe Coyhis reminds us to "Listen to all the teachers in the woods. Watch the trees, the animals and all living things-you'll learn more from them than from books." This approach recognizes that wisdom exists beyond human knowledge, embedded in the natural world.
The development of sensory awareness forms a crucial part of Native education: "Training began with children who were taught to sit still and enjoy it. They were taught to use their organs of smell, to look when there was apparently nothing to see, and to listen intently when all seemingly was quiet. A child that cannot sit still is a half-developed child." This cultivation of patience and heightened awareness stands in stark contrast to modern educational approaches that often prioritize constant stimulation and activity.
Wisdom comes through living with open ears and a willingness to pursue truth. The wise gain their knowledge by listening to elders who have walked longer paths, seeking honesty rather than deception, embracing lifelong education (even death teaches a final lesson), and learning from Mother Nature's infinite wisdom. True wisdom requires both experience and the humility to learn from others.
The Crow wisdom teaches that success comes from learning through others' experiences: "He gains success and avoids failure by learning how others succeeded or failed, and without trouble to himself." This approach values collective wisdom over individual trial and error.
Chapter 7
Community and Respect: The Foundation of Tribal Life
Native American communities functioned through sophisticated social systems built on respect and reciprocity. The fourth ethical principle teaches: "Treat guests in your home with utmost consideration-serve them the best food, give them the best bed, and show respect. Honor others' thoughts, wishes and words without interruption or mockery. Respect each person's right to their opinion."
This respect extended particularly to elders, who held honored positions in tribal society: "We held our elders in highest esteem. Their age proved their bravery, strength, and fighting skill-qualities we aspired to embody. We never let them want for anything. We viewed them as demigods, loved them deeply, and considered them all our fathers."
The community's strength depended on the honor of its women: "The honor of the people lies in the moccasin tracks of the women... No people goes down until their women are weak and dishonored, or dead upon the ground." This teaching emphasizes women's central role in tribal strength and continuity.
Sweet Medicine of the Cheyenne honors the "special magic and holiness" of women as life-bringers and teachers of children. This recognition of female power and importance contrasts with the patriarchal structures that dominated European societies.
Native governance often operated through consensus rather than coercion. George Copway describes traditional Native governance: "Among the Indians there have been no written laws. Customs handed down from generation to generation have been the only laws to guide them." He explains how social pressure and fear of the nation's censure created a powerful force binding all in "one social, honorable compact" without needing formal written codes.
The Cherokee blessing "Yigaquu osaniyu adanvto adadoligi nigohilvi nasquv utloyasdi nihi" (May the Great Spirit's Blessings Always Be with You) reflects the communal desire for divine blessing on all members. This spirit of mutual support and blessing characterized tribal interactions.
Children were considered sacred gifts requiring the community's fullest devotion. By raising them with love, forgiveness, and understanding, the community reciprocated the Creator's blessing and ensured its future. This responsibility extended beyond biological ties-all adults cared for all children of the tribe, recognizing that this investment yielded immeasurable rewards for the entire community.
Chapter 8
The Power of Words: Truth, Silence, and Storytelling
In Native American traditions, words carry tremendous power and responsibility. Cochise teaches: "You must speak straight so that your words may go as sunlight to our hearts." This emphasis on clear, honest communication reflects the understanding that deception damages both speaker and listener.
The Lakota adage "Wowienke he iyotam wowa sake" (Truth is power) expresses the fundamental importance of honesty. This contrasts with the modern tendency to view power as something gained through manipulation or control of information.
Ohiyesa (Charles Eastman) celebrates silence as spiritual practice: "The Indian believes profoundly in silence-the sign of a perfect equilibrium." Silence produces self-control, courage, endurance, patience, dignity, and reverence. "Silence is the cornerstone of character" and helps maintain selfhood through life's storms.
The concise Native proverb captures the wisdom that excessive talking prevents true understanding: "Listen or your tongue will keep you deaf." This reminder that listening is the path to genuine wisdom challenges our modern tendency toward constant self-expression.
The oral tradition of storytelling served as the primary means of cultural transmission, with young boys listening "with parted lips and glistening eyes" as parents or grandparents narrated myths and true stories of past deeds. This image portrays how knowledge and cultural wisdom were transmitted across generations.
Allen Quetone of the Kiowa describes the cultural value of humility in public speaking: "No talk is ever given without first indicating your humility. 'I am an ignorant man; I am a poor man...' All talks start this way. 'I don't know nearly as much as you men sitting around here, but I would like to offer my humble opinion...'-and then he'll knock you down with logic and wisdom."
Chapter 9
Living in Balance: Harmony Through All Seasons
The Red Road teaches that life moves in cycles, like the four seasons, and maintaining balance requires different approaches throughout these natural rhythms. The book organizes its teachings according to the four directions and seasons: Northern Journey of Winter, Eastern Journey of Spring, Southern Journey of Summer, and Western Journey of Autumn.
Winter brings introspection and spiritual renewal. January is known in Algonquin tradition as "Sun-Has-Not-Strength-To-Thaw Moon," marking the deepest period of winter's hold. This season calls for patience and inner strength, as expressed in Chief Dan George's prayer: "O Great Spirit whose voice I hear in the winds... Make me strong not to be superior to my brother, but to be able to fight my greatest enemy: Myself."
Spring brings renewal and growth. April is known in Mohawk as Onerahtokha: The Budding Time, marking the season when new growth emerges after winter's dormancy. This season teaches us to embrace new beginnings and possibilities, reflected in Nikinapi's words: "Never has the earth been so lovely nor the sun so bright, as today..."
Summer brings abundance and celebration. June brings the Potawatomi Moon, known as the Month of the Turtle. This season teaches gratitude for life's fullness, expressed in the teaching: "How desperately we need love! Our spirits feed upon it, and without it we grow weak and faint. Our self-esteem weakens, our courage fails. Without love, we turn inward, feeding on our own personalities until we destroy ourselves. With love, we become creative, tireless, and capable of sacrifice for others."
Autumn brings harvest and preparation. September marks the Tewa Pueblo "Moon When The Corn Is Taken In." This season teaches us to gather wisdom and prepare for challenges ahead. The Yankton Sioux teaching reminds us: "Strength is not the only thing we must have in the world, and, in a man or a nation, it is of little use without wisdom."
Throughout all seasons, the Red Road teaches balance between apparent opposites. Letakots-Lesa (Gray Eagle Chief) reflects on duality: "All things in the world are two. In our minds we are two, good and evil... We have the right hand that strikes and makes for evil, and we have the left hand full of kindness, near the heart... So are all things two, all two." This Pawnee wisdom acknowledges the constant balance we must maintain between opposing forces.
Chapter 10
The Continuing Journey: Native Wisdom for Modern Times
The wisdom of Walking the Red Road remains profoundly relevant in our contemporary world. As environmental crises mount, Chief Seattle's warning resonates with new urgency: "The Earth is sick, the animals will begin to disappear, when that happens, The Warriors of the Rainbow will come to save them." His prophetic words speak to environmental stewardship and the coming of protectors in times of ecological crisis.
Vine Deloria Jr. speaks with passionate clarity about our environmental responsibilities: "The land cries out for redemption-not supernatural salvation but a return to sanity in our relationship with Earth." Religion transcends sermons and scriptures, calling for harmony between lands and peoples. Each landscape-mountains, valleys, lakes-suffers exploitation and awaits those who can hear its rhythms and respond with reverence rather than consumption.
The ancient Indian proverb teaches environmental stewardship in terms modern environmentalists would recognize: "Treat the earth well: it was not given to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children. We do not inherit the Earth from our Ancestors, we borrow it from our Children."
As technology increasingly disconnects us from nature and each other, the Wintu woman's observation becomes more poignant: "When we Indians kill meat, we eat it all up. When we dig roots, we make little holes." She describes how natives shake down nuts rather than cutting trees and use only dead wood, while "the White people plow up the ground, pull down the trees, kill everything... everywhere the White man has touched it, it is sore."
In our age of divisiveness, Chief Joseph's vision of peace speaks to our deepest aspirations: "Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other, then we will have no more wars. We shall all be alike-brothers of one father and one another, with one sky above us and one country around us, and one government for all."
The Red Road offers a path forward through its emphasis on balance, respect, community, and spiritual connection. As N. Scott Momaday, Kiowa, reminds us, humans must regain moral comprehension of earth and air, living by the principle of a land ethic-the alternative is not living at all.
Chapter 11
The Eternal Circle: Returning to Where We Began
Walking the Red Road means living as instructed by the Creator-a life of truth and charity with values passed through generations. Though obstacles line this path, all can be overcome once internal balance is achieved and the soul remains true to itself and others.
The wisdom contained in "365 Days of Walking the Red Road" spans hundreds of years and dozens of tribes, yet resonates with the same power today as when first spoken. Each teaching invites us to step onto the Red Road-a path of balance, respect, and spiritual connection that has guided Native peoples for countless generations.
As we complete our journey through this remarkable collection, we return to where we began-with the understanding that the Red Road is not just for Native peoples but for all who seek harmony with creation and connection with the divine. In the words of Chief Seattle: "There is no quiet place in the white man's cities, no place to hear the leaves of spring or the rustle of insect wings..." Perhaps by walking the Red Road, we might rediscover what has been lost and create a future where all beings walk in balance.
