What is *Cannibalism: A Perfectly Natural History* about?

*Cannibalism: A Perfectly Natural History* by zoologist Bill Schutt explores cannibalism across species, dispelling myths and examining its biological, social, and historical roles. Schutt analyzes animal behaviors—like tadpoles eating siblings—and human cases, including survival cannibalism (e.g., the Donner Party) and ritual practices (e.g., Christian Eucharist). The book blends science, humor, and anthropology to challenge taboos, arguing cannibalism is a natural survival strategy.

Who should read *Cannibalism: A Perfectly Natural History*?

This book suits science enthusiasts, history buffs, and readers intrigued by taboo topics. Its accessible style appeals to those interested in evolutionary biology, anthropology, or dark humor. Schutt’s mix of rigorous research and witty storytelling makes it ideal for fans of Mary Roach or fans of morbid curiosities.

Is *Cannibalism: A Perfectly Natural History* worth reading?

Yes—Schutt’s thorough research and engaging narrative make it a standout. The book balances scientific rigor with gripping anecdotes, from shark embryos consuming siblings to medieval European medicinal cannibalism. It’s praised for reframing cannibalism as a biologically normal behavior rather than a grotesque aberration.

What animals practice cannibalism in the book?

Schutt highlights cannibalistic species like tadpoles (eating siblings to reduce competition), sand tiger sharks (embryos consuming each other in utero), and polar bears (eating cubs during food shortages). Overcrowding and stress often trigger these behaviors, revealing cannibalism’s role in population control and survival.

Does the book discuss human cannibalism?

Yes—Schutt examines human cannibalism in contexts like survival (Donner Party), ritual (Christian Eucharist), and medicine (European use of human body parts as curatives). He debunks exaggerated historical accounts (e.g., Columbus’s depictions) while highlighting verified cases, such as the 1941 siege of Leningrad.

What are the criticisms of *Cannibalism: A Perfectly Natural History*?

Some critics note the book’s anecdotal focus over deep analysis, particularly in human cases. However, Schutt’s goal is to normalize cannibalism biologically, not justify it ethically. The balance between humor and science may polarize readers seeking a strictly academic tone.

What are the key themes in *Cannibalism: A Perfectly Natural History*?

Key themes include cannibalism as a biological imperative (driven by starvation or overcrowding), its role in social hierarchies (e.g., black widow spiders), and how cultural taboos distort its prevalence. Schutt emphasizes that cannibalism is neither rare nor inherently aberrant in nature.

What surprising facts does the book reveal?

Schutt uncovers lesser-known practices, like 18th-century Europeans consuming human placenta as medicine and Chinese “corpse medicine” made from mummies. He also links Neanderthal extinction theories to cannibalism and details how climate change might increase cannibalistic behaviors in species.

同类相食

一个完美的自然史

比尔·舒特

3.9(6899 Reviews)

《同类相食》概述

同类相食不仅是一项禁忌——它更是一门自然科学。动物学家比尔·舒特（Bill Schutt）的这部《纽约时报》编辑选书探讨了各物种（包括人类）如何吞噬同类。从药用身体部位到气候变化的影响，这段充满黑色幽默的旅程将永远改变你对这一“不可思议”行为的认知。

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第 1 章

When Eating Your Own Kind Becomes a Matter of Survival

Imagine sitting down to a meal where the main course was once someone you knew. The thought alone makes most of us recoil in horror, yet this taboo behavior has fascinated humanity for centuries. From the sophisticated Dr. Hannibal Lecter to the disturbed Norman Bates, cannibalistic characters consistently rank among our most memorable villains. But beyond Hollywood's sensationalism lies a complex biological and cultural phenomenon with surprising scientific depth. In "Cannibalism: A Perfectly Natural History," zoologist Bill Schutt takes readers on a journey through the animal kingdom and human history to explore why creatures-including humans-sometimes eat their own kind. The book has garnered praise from anthropologists and biologists alike for its balanced approach to a traditionally sensationalized topic. Far from being merely a collection of gruesome tales, Schutt's work reveals how cannibalism serves important ecological and evolutionary functions across species, challenging our assumptions about what's "natural" and what's "taboo" in ways that force us to reconsider our place in the natural world.

第 2 章

Nature's Practical Solution: Cannibalism as Adaptation

Standing beside a desert pond in southeastern Arizona, I watched hundreds of unusually large tadpoles hunting their smaller siblings like miniature killer whales. These spadefoot toad larvae weren't consuming each other due to some grotesque aberration-they were demonstrating a remarkable evolutionary adaptation to their precarious environment. In these temporary desert pools formed by monsoon rains, time is the enemy. Natural selection has favored tadpoles that can "get out of the pool" quickly before it evaporates, and cannibalism provides the perfect solution. The cannibal morphs grow significantly faster than their plant-eating siblings, maturing in about 20 days instead of 30. This accelerated development comes courtesy of their high-protein diet and the nutrient-rich plant matter in their victims' digestive tracts-essentially getting two meals for the price of one. What triggers this transformation remains somewhat mysterious. Initially, researchers believed consuming fairy shrimp activated the change, possibly through iodine-containing compounds that triggered specific genes. However, newer experiments show tadpoles can transform without eating shrimp, suggesting other factors are involved. Tiger salamanders exhibit similar adaptability, with crowding and tactile cues-simply bumping into each other-triggering the development of cannibal morphs with enormous heads and elongated teeth. Remarkably, these salamanders can recognize and avoid eating their own relatives through smell, demonstrating how inclusive fitness shapes even cannibalistic behavior. Only under extreme starvation do these distinctions disappear. Many scientists now believe such phenotypic plasticity-where changing environmental conditions allow multiple physical traits to arise from a single genotype-offers perfect building blocks for evolutionary change. Novel traits that initially emerge as environmental adaptations could, over generations, lead to entirely new species-an idea first proposed by Richard Goldschmidt but largely overlooked during his lifetime.

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第 3 章

When Offspring Become Food: Reproductive Strategies

Many invertebrates don't recognize their own kind as anything special, leading to widespread cannibalism among mollusks, insects, and arachnids. Filter-feeding adults often consume their own species' tiny planktonic eggs and larvae without discrimination. Some species have evolved fascinating adaptations around this reality-rock snails lay approximately 500 eggs but only 16 hatchlings emerge, with the remaining eggs serving as the first meal for these newborns. The black lace-weaver spider exemplifies perhaps the most extreme parental sacrifice in nature. After feeding her spiderlings trophic eggs for three days, the mother summons her babies by drumming on their web, then allows them to swarm over her body and consume her alive-a macabre yet evolutionarily sound strategy ensuring her genetic legacy. While cannibalism occurs across all vertebrate classes, it's especially prevalent among fish. This makes evolutionary sense when you consider the numbers-an Atlantic cod releases millions of eggs per spawning, with only about one in a million surviving to adulthood. The size disparity between adults and eggs (sometimes a million-fold difference) means adults simply view eggs and young as nutritious, abundant food sources rather than potential offspring. Even in the 20% of fish families that practice parental care, filial cannibalism remains common. Male fish guarding nests often eat some or all of their eggs to maintain their own condition during periods of limited foraging. Perhaps most remarkable is the sand tiger shark's in utero cannibalism, where embryos developing inside the mother consume their siblings-an ultimate form of sibling rivalry called adelphophagy or "brother eating" that ensures only the strongest offspring survive.

第 4 章

When Sex Becomes Fatal: Reproductive Cannibalism

While the praying mantis's reputation for sexual cannibalism is legendary, reality is more nuanced than myth. Among the 2,200 mantis species, females don't necessarily decapitate their mates as a matter of course. Laboratory conditions-where males can't escape-often exaggerate this behavior, though it does occur in nature. The redback spider demonstrates perhaps the most extreme example of sexual cannibalism. The tiny male (one-fifth the female's size) initiates courtship by bouncing and waving on her web. After complex foreplay, he performs a 180-degree somersault during copulation, positioning his abdomen against the female's mouthparts. She immediately begins consuming him while they mate. After the first copulation, the half-eaten male returns for a second round before being completely consumed. This seemingly suicidal behavior benefits the male by ensuring females become less receptive to other suitors, allowing longer copulation and increasing his chances of fathering more offspring. Sexual cannibalism typically follows the "small-get-cannibalized" rule, with females usually eating males due to sexual dimorphism. However, exceptions exist in species like sand-dwelling wolf spiders and water spiders where males are larger and sometimes cannibalize females based on their fitness and mating history. Even hermaphroditic land snails exhibit bizarre mating behaviors, including firing calcified "love darts" at potential mates. These barbed projectiles contain chemicals that prevent digestive enzymes from destroying sperm, doubling fertilization success. Ronald Chase believes the Cupid myth likely originated from Ancient Greeks observing this peculiar snail behavior-a far cry from our romantic modern interpretation.

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第 5 章

When Crowds Turn Deadly: Density-Dependent Cannibalism

Overcrowded conditions often trigger cannibalism, especially when combined with hunger and decreased alternative food sources-a pattern that applies across species from insects to humans. Mormon crickets (actually jumbo katydids) exemplify this phenomenon perfectly. These flightless insects form massive swarms under favorable spring conditions, with millions hatching simultaneously and beginning coordinated marches across the landscape. According to expert Stephen Simpson, these swarms serve a protective function-individuals separated from the group suffer 50-60 percent mortality from predators, while those within remain relatively safe. However, this protection comes with a cost. As the swarm moves, individuals face a terrible choice: keep moving or be eaten by those behind you. Mormon crickets need protein and salt to develop their reproductive organs, and when vegetation can't provide these nutrients, they turn to the next available source-each other. The crickets' march becomes a macabre forced migration where the alternative to forward movement is becoming food for your fellows. This pattern appears in other species too, including commercial poultry operations where crowded conditions lead to cannibalistic pecking. These behaviors aren't signs of inherent viciousness but rather adaptive responses to environmental pressures-a pattern that emerges repeatedly across the animal kingdom and, disturbingly, in human history as well.

第 6 章

Climate Change and Carnivores: The Polar Bear Question

Polar bears have become the subject of numerous headlines linking cannibalism to climate change and disappearing Arctic ice. As a vertebrate zoologist, I wanted to investigate whether their diet had truly changed and if humans played a role. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) rank among the world's largest carnivores and, unlike most bears that evolved omnivorous habits, they've re-evolved carnassial teeth-specialized shearing molars reflecting their strictly meat-eating diet of primarily ringed and bearded seals. Cannibalism has been documented in at least 14 carnivore species, typically occurring due to food scarcity, rival elimination, or increased mating opportunities. In lions, heterocannibalism (males eating cubs sired by other males) serves as a reproductive strategy-by killing cubs, incoming males terminate maternal investment in unrelated offspring, causing females to become sexually receptive almost immediately rather than remaining unreceptive for a year and a half after giving birth. Wildlife biologist Mitchell Taylor confirms that polar bears readily eat other polar bears when they can do so without excessive risk. Males of most North American bear species kill and eat cubs whenever possible, providing both nutritional and reproductive benefits as females come into estrus more quickly after losing offspring. This explains why mother bears are extremely protective and choose den sites far from males. In 2006, researcher Stephen Amstrup documented three unusual cannibalism incidents in the southern Beaufort Sea, hypothesizing they might be linked to nutritional stress from longer ice-free seasons. Unfortunately, media reports sensationalized these findings by neglecting to mention that polar bear cannibalism has been documented since at least 1897. This gave climate change deniers ammunition to discredit valid scientific concerns about how reduced sea ice might be increasing cannibalistic behavior-a reminder that science must be communicated carefully when addressing politically charged topics.

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第 7 章

The Neanderthal Question: Our Cannibalistic Cousins?

The discovery of Neanderthal remains in 1856 near Dusseldorf, Germany initially generated little excitement in a pre-Darwinian scientific community. Marcellin Pierre Boule's influential but deeply flawed reconstruction depicted Neanderthals as stooped, ape-like creatures with limited intelligence. This portrayal cemented the public image of Neanderthals as brutish and primitive, with "Neanderthal" becoming synonymous with savagery and stupidity. H.G. Wells reinforced this stereotype in his 1921 story "The Grisly Folk," depicting them as cannibalistic ogres who ate children and were rightfully exterminated by modern humans. Since then, Neanderthals have undergone significant rehabilitation in scientific understanding. Modern research shows they were highly intelligent with brain capacities sometimes exceeding modern humans. They used fire, wore clothing, and created sophisticated stone tools. Evidence for Neanderthal cannibalism comes from sites in Spain, France, and Croatia, where bones show "patterns of processing" similar to those found on animal remains-cut marks, gnawing, percussion hammering, and fracturing to access marrow. At Moula-Guercy in France, six Neanderthal remains were found alongside deer bones, all processed similarly, with skulls smashed, jaw muscles filleted, and tongues removed. Their ancestors, Homo antecessor, also practiced cannibalism at Atapuerca in Spain. These 530,000-year-old remains showed identical damage patterns to animal bones processed for food. Unlike survival cannibalism, the abundance of game animals suggests these hominids may have simply considered conspecifics as acceptable food sources. This raises profound questions about how deeply cannibalism taboos are wired into human psychology, and whether our revulsion represents an evolutionary adaptation or merely a cultural construct.

第 8 章

Colonial Cannibalism Narratives: Justifying Conquest

When Christopher Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, he encountered the peaceful Taino people who warned him about the fierce Caribs-allegedly cannibals who raided neighboring islands for human flesh. Columbus seized upon these stories, using them to justify enslaving the indigenous peoples he encountered. The association between "Carib" and "cannibal" became so entrenched that the very word "cannibal" derives from a Spanish corruption of "Carib." This narrative of indigenous cannibalism conveniently served European colonial interests, providing moral justification for conquest, enslavement, and genocide. The Spanish monarchy initially forbade enslaving indigenous peoples unless they were cannibals, creating a powerful incentive for colonizers to label all natives as man-eaters. This pattern repeated throughout colonial history-Europeans would arrive in new territories, hear stories about neighboring tribes practicing cannibalism, and use these allegations to justify brutal subjugation. Historical evidence suggests that while ritual cannibalism may have occurred in some Caribbean societies, European accounts were wildly exaggerated and often fabricated. Many supposed "eyewitness" reports were actually based on hearsay or deliberate propaganda. Peter Martyr, an Italian cleric who never visited the New World, embellished Dr. Chanca's account of the "cannibal hut" in his influential book De Orbe Novo, transforming a single dwelling into multiple houses with gruesome scenes of human flesh being prepared alongside animal meat. The question remains: did Caribbean cannibalism actually exist when Columbus arrived? Anthropologist Neil Whitehead suggests that while many reports were "imperial propaganda," the Caribs likely practiced forms of ritualized cannibalism. Historical accounts place Amerindian cannibalism in social contexts-as funerary rites or war rituals rather than dietary practices. The evidence remains contentious, with some scholars like William Arens challenging the entire narrative, arguing that ritual cannibalism was largely fabricated to justify colonial subjugation-a controversial stance that sparked fierce academic debate but raised important questions about how "Others" have been dehumanized throughout history.

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第 9 章

The Worst Party Ever: Survival Cannibalism in the Sierra Nevada

In June, I joined Kristin Johnson, John Grebenkemper and his border collie Kayle (trained in Historical Human Remains Detection) at Alder Creek in the Sierra Nevada foothills. In the 105F heat, we searched the meadow where members of the infamous Donner Party had once been stranded. Though I initially thought the Donner Party story was too well-known to warrant further investigation, I discovered that significant research was still uncovering new aspects of this American tragedy. In summer 1846, 87 pioneers left Independence, Missouri for California, taking the ill-advised Hastings Cutoff that proved 125 miles longer than the established route. This detour forced them to blaze trails through the Wasatch Range and trek across Utah's Great Salt Desert, causing delays, equipment failures, and deaths. By September, they rejoined the traditional trail, but the month-long delay proved catastrophic. The group fractured along class and family lines as they struggled along the depleted Humboldt River, facing Indian raids and abandoning weaker members. By late October, the remaining travelers reached the final mountain pass, just 50 miles from safety. But on November 1, they awoke to five-foot snowdrifts blocking their path. The 59 members in the lead group retreated to Truckee Lake (now Donner Lake). The remaining 21 members, including George Donner (the elected leader), his brother Jacob, and their families, were stranded at Alder Creek, eight miles away. On December 16, seventeen desperate people from Truckee Lake fashioned snowshoes and attempted escape. Two turned back, leaving fifteen (later called "The Forlorn Hope") to battle through the country's snowiest region. By January 17, 1847, only seven survivors reached Johnson Ranch in the Sacramento Valley after 33 days with just a week's worth of rations. The others had perished and been cannibalized. Anthropologist Donald Grayson's demographic analysis revealed striking survival patterns among the Donner Party. Children under 5 and adults over 49 experienced high mortality (62.5% and 100% respectively). Remarkably, 53.1% of males died while only 29.4% of females perished, with men dying sooner. Most striking was that all 11 bachelors over 18 died, while only half of the married men traveling with families perished. This gender disparity stems from both biology and behavior. Women metabolize protein more slowly, require fewer calories, possess greater fat reserves for insulation, and performed less physically demanding tasks. The married men's survival advantage likely relates to stress hormone differences-studies show bachelors have higher cortisol levels during stress, while marriage provides a buffer against stress responses. Like animal cannibalism that occurs for evolutionary reasons-reducing competition, sexual behavior, or parental care-human cannibalism under extreme conditions represents a predictable biological response to specific stresses. Just as male spiders sacrifice themselves to mates to increase offspring survival, bodies of Donner Party members served a similar function for their families.

第 10 章

When Eating People Is Medicine: European Cannibalism

While Europeans were condemning indigenous peoples as "savages" for alleged cannibalism, medicinal cannibalism remained widespread throughout Renaissance Europe. Blood was the most commonly consumed human tissue, prescribed by physicians for treating epilepsy. Following Galen's theory of bodily humors, epileptics often collected fresh blood at public executions. Blood was consumed fresh, dried into powder, or mixed into elixirs, and remained prescribed by English physicians until the mid-18th century. The rise of Paracelsian medicine in the 16th century further popularized medicinal cannibalism. Paracelsus (1493-1541), considered the Father of Chemical Pharmacology, inspired physicians to prescribe medications made from human body parts, including powdered skull for epilepsy and dysentery. Richard Sugg documents that "human liver, oil distilled from brains, pulverized heart, bladder stones, warm blood, breast milk, and extract of gall" were all used medicinally, along with bones, flesh, and fat. This practice wasn't limited to commoners-European royalty and intellectuals embraced medicinal cannibalism. King Charles II made his own corpse medicine, while Charles I was made into corpse medicine. Other notable advocates included Francis I of France, John Donne, Francis Bacon, and Robert Boyle. Public executions became increasingly gruesome as demand for human body parts grew, with prisoners often harvested while still alive. Human skulls were used to grow "skull moss"-lichens and mosses cultivated on crania for medicinal use. The most famous example was "mumia"-powdered mummy consumed for ailments from epilepsy to upset stomachs. When Egyptian mummy supplies ran short, "artificial mummies" were created from fresh corpses using specific preparation methods. The practice finally declined during the Enlightenment due to changing scientific attitudes, the professionalization of medicine, new concepts of hygiene, and a more mechanistic view of the human body. Yet modern examples persist, from Keith Richards snorting his father's ashes to the 21st century revival of placentophagy in America-where middle-class women consume their own placentas raw, in smoothies, as jerky, or encapsulated as supplements.

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第 11 章

When Cannibalism Kills: The Kuru Epidemic

In the early 1950s, researchers ventured into New Guinea's Eastern Highlands to study the Fore people, an isolated tribe dying from a mysterious affliction characterized by uncontrollable laughter, tremors, and coordination problems that progressed to inability to swallow and complete loss of bodily control. The disease, called kuru, killed approximately 1% of the population annually. Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, a Harvard Medical School graduate, arrived in 1957 and began studying kuru, collecting samples while interviewing victims and families. Analysis revealed no evidence of viral infection or toxins, but rather cerebellum regions riddled with holes. NIH researcher Igor Klatzo recognized similarities to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, while another scientist noted parallels to scrapie, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting sheep. Cultural anthropologists Robert and Shirley Glasse (now Lindenbaum) arrived in 1961, ultimately connecting kuru to cannibalism. Their research revealed women and children of both sexes participated in ritual consumption of deceased relatives, while adult men generally abstained-perfectly matching kuru's demographic pattern. The Fore practiced "transumption"-ritual consumption of dead relatives-believing it better to be consumed by loved ones than by maggots. During these ceremonies, women used bamboo knives to cut the corpse into pieces on beds of edible leaves. The flesh was cooked in bamboo containers with ferns, while internal organs were given to specific relatives. The brain, considered a delicacy, was removed after cooking the cracked skull, then mixed with ferns and consumed. Research traced kuru's origin to around 1900 in Uwami village, spreading to North Fore by 1920 and South Fore by 1930. After cannibalism was prohibited, deaths declined dramatically through the 1960s and 70s. This tragic epidemic would later provide crucial insights when a similar disease emerged in British cattle decades later. In the 1980s, UK researchers investigated how a strange spongiform encephalopathy was transmitted among dairy cows. The culprit was "meat and bone meal"-a protein supplement made from rendered livestock waste including sick animals. Though used since the 1940s, changes in the rendering process during the early 1980s created perfect conditions for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to emerge. By the 1970s, research had shifted to understanding the infectious agent itself. The scrapie agent proved remarkably resilient-unaffected by disinfectants, heating, freezing, drying, electron beams, or ultraviolet light. Biochemist Stanley Prusiner pursued a revolutionary theory: the agent might be a self-replicating protein. In 1982, he published findings coining the term "prion" to describe an aberrant protein responsible for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). Despite initial controversy, Prusiner won the 1997 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his prion research. By 1996, scientists confirmed fears of a new disease transmitted to humans through contaminated beef: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). By 2013, the UK recorded 177 definite and probable vCJD deaths. A 2013 study found one carrier for every 2,000 people in the UK, suggesting the epidemic might continue for decades given kuru's demonstrated 50-year incubation period.

第 12 章

The Future of Cannibalism: Ecological Collapse

Cannibalism makes evolutionary sense in nature-from spiders consuming males to increase reproductive fitness to various species responding to environmental pressures. Unlike animals, humans operate in shades of gray, with cultural taboos governing our behavior. While Freud believed these taboos prevent us from reverting to our animal past, evidence shows cultures unexposed to Western taboos developed their own rituals around cannibalism, often viewing it as honorable rather than forbidden. Our fascination with cannibalism persists in popular culture through novels, films, TV shows like "The Walking Dead," and even our language. Though most cannibalism-related crimes stem from psychological aberrations, our desensitization to violence is troubling. More concerning is the potential for widespread cannibalism triggered by environmental collapse, as desertification and climate change threaten food security globally. Just as famine-related cannibalism occurred repeatedly throughout history, it could return with devastating consequences. Since cannibalism is a normal response to severe stress during famine and warfare, widespread human butchery for food could become commonplace in drought-stricken, overpopulated regions. With accelerating climate change, nothing may prevent its return, especially in unstable countries. Beyond the horrific imagery, the consequences could include epidemic disease. Anthropologist Simon Underdown hypothesizes that TSEs may have contributed to Neanderthal extinction 30,000 years ago. His "Kuru Model" suggests that deaths from a kuru-like disease could have reduced Neanderthal populations to non-viable levels within 250 years, as the disease spread through cannibalistic practices. The 1973 film "Soylent Green" depicts a dystopian 2022 New York City ravaged by climate change, pollution, and overpopulation, where most people survive on processed food wafers secretly made from human remains. While fictional, this scenario raises uncomfortable questions about how societies might respond to catastrophic food shortages. Despite medical advances, any future outbreaks of cannibalism-related TSEs could devastate local populations, as recent Ebola epidemics demonstrate. As we face unprecedented environmental challenges, understanding cannibalism not as an aberration but as a predictable response to extreme conditions becomes increasingly important. By studying this taboo subject scientifically rather than sensationally, we gain valuable insights into both our evolutionary past and our uncertain future.

★★★★★

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《同类相食》核心主题

evolutionary adaptation
animal reproductive strategies
biological taboos
phenotypic plasticity
ecological survival mechanisms

《同类相食》经典语录

Time is the enemy.
Cannibalism provides the perfect solution.
Only under extreme starvation do these distinctions disappear.
The mother summons her babies...then allows them to swarm over her body and consume her alive.
Keep moving or be eaten by those behind you.

《同类相食》主要人物

Bill SchuttAuthor and zoologist who explores cannibalism
Richard GoldschmidtScientist who proposed ideas on phenotypic change
Hannibal LecterFictional cannibalistic character mentioned
Norman BatesFictional disturbed character mentioned

关于作者

比尔·舒特（Bill Schutt）是一位脊椎动物学家，也是畅销书《同类相食：一部完美的自然史》（Cannibalism: A Perfectly Natural History）的作者。他将严谨的科学态度与引人入胜的叙事相结合，揭开了禁忌生物现象的神秘面纱。作为美国自然历史博物馆的研究员以及长岛大学波斯特分校（LIU Post）的生物学名誉教授，舒特在极端动物行为领域（从吸血蝙蝠到生态生存策略）的专业知识，推动了他对同类相食在物种进化中所扮演角色的深入探索。

他的作品曾刊登在《纽约时报》（The New York Times）、《发现》（Discover）和《经济学人》（The Economist）上，巩固了他作为向主流受众转化复杂科学知识的译解者声誉。

舒特的其他代表作还包括《泵：心脏自然史》（Pump: A Natural History of the Heart）和《黑暗盛宴：吸血生物的奇妙生活》（Dark Banquet: Blood and the Curious Lives of Blood-Feeding Creatures），两部作品均因将细致的研究与通俗易懂的散文相结合而广受赞誉。他的最新著作《咬：牙齿的深刻历史》（Bite: An Incisive History of Teeth）获得了《科库斯评论》（Kirkus）的星级评论和《纽约时报》的热烈好评。《同类相食》作为《纽约时报》编辑选书和亚马逊“年度最佳图书”，已被翻译成多种语言，作为自然界最被误解的行为之一的权威指南，扩大了其影响力。

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学习计划

The Biology of Belonging

Understanding the biological roots of social interaction is essential for anyone looking to deepen their interpersonal skills or lead more effectively. This plan is ideal for psychologists, leaders, and curious minds seeking to bridge the gap between hard science and human connection.

1 h 12 m•3 章节

学习计划

Books on production-consumption disconnect

This learning plan reveals how our separation from production processes drives mindless overconsumption and environmental harm. It's ideal for conscious consumers, sustainability advocates, and anyone seeking to develop more intentional relationships with material goods.

5 h 11 m•4 章节

由哥伦比亚大学校友在旧金山创建

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1,000,000+ curious minds.

4.7

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1M+ learners

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"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

查看更多网络上关于 BeFreed 的讨论

由哥伦比亚大学校友在旧金山创建

LOVED BY

1,000,000+ curious minds.

4.7

avg rating

1M+ learners

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

查看更多网络上关于 BeFreed 的讨论

开启你的学习之旅，就是现在

第 11 章

同类相食

概述《同类相食》概述

一本书，多种聆听方式。

When Eating Your Own Kind Becomes a Matter of Survival

Nature's Practical Solution: Cannibalism as Adaptation

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

When Offspring Become Food: Reproductive Strategies

When Sex Becomes Fatal: Reproductive Cannibalism

从 《同类相食》中收获更多

When Crowds Turn Deadly: Density-Dependent Cannibalism

Climate Change and Carnivores: The Polar Bear Question

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

The Neanderthal Question: Our Cannibalistic Cousins?

Colonial Cannibalism Narratives: Justifying Conquest

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The Worst Party Ever: Survival Cannibalism in the Sierra Nevada

When Eating People Is Medicine: European Cannibalism

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

When Cannibalism Kills: The Kuru Epidemic

The Future of Cannibalism: Ecological Collapse

你已读完 《同类相食》

《同类相食》核心主题

《同类相食》经典语录

《同类相食》主要人物

关于作者

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What animals practice cannibalism in the book?

发现更多

1,000,000+ curious minds.

1,000,000+ curious minds.

一本书，多种聆听方式。

When Eating Your Own Kind Becomes a Matter of Survival

Nature's Practical Solution: Cannibalism as Adaptation

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

When Offspring Become Food: Reproductive Strategies

When Sex Becomes Fatal: Reproductive Cannibalism

从 《同类相食》中收获更多

When Crowds Turn Deadly: Density-Dependent Cannibalism

Climate Change and Carnivores: The Polar Bear Question

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

The Neanderthal Question: Our Cannibalistic Cousins?

Colonial Cannibalism Narratives: Justifying Conquest

从 《同类相食》中收获更多

The Worst Party Ever: Survival Cannibalism in the Sierra Nevada

When Eating People Is Medicine: European Cannibalism

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

When Cannibalism Kills: The Kuru Epidemic

The Future of Cannibalism: Ecological Collapse

你已读完 《同类相食》

用户还喜欢

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《同类相食》概述

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从《同类相食》中收获更多

你已读完《同类相食》

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从《同类相食》中收获更多

你已读完《同类相食》