What is *Race After Technology* by Ruha Benjamin about?

*Race After Technology* examines how emerging technologies like algorithms, facial recognition, and predictive policing reinforce systemic racism through what Benjamin calls the "New Jim Code" – systems that appear neutral but perpetuate discrimination. The book analyzes cases like biased healthcare algorithms and carceral technologies, while offering abolitionist frameworks to create equitable tech.

Who should read *Race After Technology*?

This book is essential for social justice advocates, tech developers, policymakers, and educators seeking to understand how racism embeds itself in digital systems. It’s particularly relevant for those interested in algorithmic bias, criminal justice reform, or ethical AI development.

What are the main ideas in *Race After Technology*?

Key concepts include the **New Jim Code** (tech-driven racial hierarchy), **discriminatory design** (tools that amplify inequity), and **abolitionist tools** (community-centered solutions). Benjamin argues that "neutral" technologies often automate historical prejudices, such as resume screeners filtering out Black-sounding names or risk-assessment tools targeting marginalized neighborhoods.

What does "New Jim Code" mean in the book?

The term describes how coded technologies replicate and modernize racial segregation, mirroring the Jim Crow era’s exclusionary practices. Examples include biased loan-approval algorithms and policing tools that disproportionately surveil communities of color.

How does Ruha Benjamin suggest addressing tech inequity?

Benjamin advocates for **abolitionist tools** – solutions rooted in collective care over carceral control. This includes participatory design processes, transparency in AI training data, and prioritizing marginalized communities’ needs over profit-driven tech development.

What are notable quotes from *Race After Technology*?

**“Innovation is more resource than revelation”** underscores that tech progress must serve public good, not private gain. **“The default setting of technology is justice”** challenges developers to actively combat bias rather than assume neutrality.

How does *Race After Technology* relate to AI ethics?

The book critiques “ethical AI” as insufficient if it doesn’t address structural racism. Benjamin argues ethics committees often prioritize corporate interests, urging instead grassroots accountability models for machine learning systems.

Has *Race After Technology* received any awards or recognition?

Yes – Ruha Benjamin won a 2024 MacArthur “Genius” Fellowship for this work, and the book has become a seminal text in critical technology studies, taught in over 200 universities globally.

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여

루하 벤저민

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기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여 개요

"Race After Technology"에서 루하 벤저민(Ruha Benjamin)은 알고리즘이 어떻게 인종차별을 부호화하여 기술의 중립적인 겉모습 아래 "새로운 짐 크로우 코드(New Jim Code)"를 만들어내는지 폭로합니다. 디지털 불평등을 이해하기 위한 필독서인 이 획기적인 저작은 감시와 체계적 차별에 관한 'Black Lives Matter(흑인의 생명도 소중하다)' 논의의 중심이 되었습니다.

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기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여의 같은 아이디어를 담았습니다. 나에게 맞는 목소리, 깊이, 속도를 고르고 언제든 바꿔 보세요.

1장

When Technology Reinforces Racism: The Invisible Codes That Shape Our World

Imagine a beauty contest where thousands of contestants from over 100 countries submit their selfies to be judged not by humans but by artificial intelligence. The algorithm would select winners based purely on objective standards of beauty, free from human bias and prejudice. When Beauty AI ran exactly this contest in 2016, the results were shocking-nearly all winners were white. Despite developers' dismay, this wasn't a glitch but a revelation of how machines learn to reproduce our existing prejudices. This is the world of the "New Jim Code" that Ruha Benjamin explores-technologies that appear neutral or even beneficial while encoding and reproducing racial hierarchies. In an era where algorithms increasingly determine who gets jobs, loans, healthcare, and freedom, Benjamin's analysis couldn't be more urgent. Embraced by tech critics and social justice advocates alike, this book has become required reading in Silicon Valley companies grappling with the unintended consequences of their innovations.

2장

The New Jim Code: How Discrimination Gets Digitized

Growing up in Los Angeles, Ruha Benjamin experienced firsthand what it meant to live under constant surveillance-from police pat-downs at playgrounds to helicopter monitoring that shook her family's roof at night. These experiences weren't isolated incidents but part of a systematic pattern of surveillance that disproportionately affected communities of color. Today, this surveillance continues in the digital realm, often without the audible rumble of helicopters but with equally devastating effects. The New Jim Code refers to new technologies that reflect and reproduce existing inequities while being promoted and marketed as more objective than discriminatory systems of the past. Consider how even names function as social codes that open and shut doors in our increasingly digital world. Research shows job seekers with white-sounding names receive 50% more callbacks than those with Black-sounding names-an advantage equivalent to eight additional years of work experience. Even algorithms trained on human writing associate white names with "pleasant" words and Black names with "unpleasant" ones. This bias extends to automated hiring systems, credit scoring algorithms, and facial recognition software, which consistently show lower accuracy rates for people of color. This exemplifies how technical systems encode human judgments and societal biases. When Facebook's algorithms reproduce racist patterns from past users' behavior, or when Google's search results reinforce stereotypes about gender and race, they're not neutral tools but active participants in perpetuating discrimination. Unlike Michelle Alexander's concept of "The New Jim Crow," which described how the carceral system creates a racial caste system through colorblind ideology, the New Jim Code embeds cultural coding into technical coding, making discrimination both more pervasive and harder to detect. What makes this particularly insidious is that tech designers encode judgments into systems while claiming racist outcomes are external to their process. This creates a double layer of racism-magnified and buried under digital denial. Companies often defend their algorithms as "race-blind" while failing to acknowledge how historical biases in training data perpetuate discrimination. The defining characteristic of these technologies isn't just that they discriminate, but that they do so while claiming objectivity or even benevolence, often under the guise of efficiency and innovation. Why does this matter? Because Silicon Valley's "Move Fast and Break Things" ethos raises the critical question: what about the people broken in the process? Real-world examples abound: when a woman with a tumor is denied a bank loan despite high income and no debt because an algorithm flagged her as high risk, we see how "data sharing" allows stigmas to follow people efficiently across systems. Similar cases include facial recognition systems failing to identify people of color, healthcare algorithms underestimating the care needs of Black patients, and predictive policing software disproportionately targeting minority neighborhoods. As computer scientist Donald Knuth warns, "algorithms are getting too prominent in the world," and their unchecked deployment risks automating and amplifying existing social inequities at an unprecedented scale.

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3장

Engineered Inequity: When Discrimination Is By Design

Can robots be racist? They certainly can, even without explicit intention to harm. The assumption that racism requires "white hoods and racial slurs" fundamentally misunderstands how bias operates in our society and our technology. When machines become more "intelligent" by learning to think like humans, they risk becoming more racist as they absorb our cultural biases, often in ways more subtle yet equally harmful as human prejudice. Machine learning algorithms learn from datasets that reflect deeply ingrained cultural prejudices. For example, facial recognition systems consistently show higher error rates for darker-skinned faces, particularly women of color, due to training data skewed toward white male faces. Resume screening algorithms have been found to penalize candidates with names typically associated with minority communities, perpetuating workplace discrimination. Even with diverse programming teams, these systems can perpetuate stereotypes if developers lack the institutional power to intervene when problems arise or if economic pressures prioritize speed over equity. The term "stereotype" provides a perfect entry point for understanding technology's default settings. Originally referring to printing plates making copies, it evolved to mean "image perpetuated without change" before becoming shorthand for beliefs about groups. This etymology reveals crucial connections between technical and social systems, showing how mechanical reproduction of bias mirrors societal patterns. Seemingly trivial examples reveal deeper systemic issues. Soap dispensers that don't detect darker skin treat certain skin tones as normative, while medical devices like pulse oximeters show less accuracy with darker skin tones. The same Black people rendered invisible by these everyday technologies become hypervisible through police surveillance technologies, facial recognition systems, and predictive policing algorithms. These connections reveal how Blackness is simultaneously marginal and focal to tech development, either ignored or over-scrutinized. China's social credit system exemplifies explicit ranking with far-reaching consequences. Using proprietary algorithms, it tracks not just financial history but education, work history, purchases, and leisure activities in unprecedented detail. Playing video games marks someone as "idle" while buying diapers suggests responsibility. Low scores bring concrete penalties like restricted travel and limited internet speeds, while high scores offer privileges like faster service, preferential loan rates, and VIP access to services. Western companies already collect similar data through credit scores, loyalty programs, and social media profiles. China's distinction is consolidating these behaviors into a comprehensive "citizen score" that determines access to jobs, mortgages, and transportation. The system's architects claim it "will ensure bad people don't have a place to go, while good people can move freely." Even one's social network affects their score - associating with low-scoring individuals can damage one's own rating. This creates digital castes and reinforces existing social hierarchies, demonstrating how algorithmic systems can formalize and amplify societal inequities through seemingly objective metrics.

4장

Default Discrimination: When Neutrality Reproduces Inequality

What appears as technological "glitches" often reveals deeply embedded systemic racism. When Google Maps mispronounces "Malcolm X Boulevard" as "Malcolm Ten Boulevard," or when voice recognition systems struggle with non-Western names and accents, these aren't mere technical oversights. Rather, they reflect the cultural assumptions and blind spots of a predominantly white, male programming workforce whose worldviews become invisibly encoded into systems that shape daily navigation, communication, and decision-making for millions. Risk assessment algorithms in the criminal justice system demonstrate how seemingly objective tools can perpetuate racial inequities while maintaining a veneer of neutrality. These systems process variables that are already structured by historical racism - including criminal history, education level, employment status, and zip code - without explicitly considering race. ProPublica's landmark investigation revealed stark racial disparities, with Black defendants being falsely labeled high-risk at nearly twice the rate of white defendants (45% vs 23%). Even more troubling, white defendants labeled low-risk went on to commit new crimes at higher rates than predicted, showing how the algorithms systematically underestimated their risk while overestimating that of Black defendants. Predictive policing software like PredPol, which adapts earthquake aftershock models to crime prediction, exemplifies how algorithmic systems can create dangerous feedback loops. By designating "temporary crime zones" based on historical data, these tools direct increased police presence to neighborhoods that have historically experienced over-policing due to racial bias. This heightened surveillance inevitably leads to more arrests for minor infractions, generating new data points that justify continued police concentration in these areas. What begins as crime prediction transforms into crime production through a self-reinforcing cycle of surveillance and enforcement. Using The Matrix as an analytical lens, these technological "glitches" expose the underlying architecture of social inequality. Just as the deja vu cat in the film signals fundamental problems with the system's code rather than isolated errors, racist technological failures reveal how deeply social biases are embedded in our technical infrastructure. The glitches make visible what is usually invisible: the constructed nature of our social reality and its encoding in digital systems. Google search results provide an instructive example of how algorithmic bias can be addressed when there is institutional will to do so. Historical searches for "Black girls" predominantly yielded pornographic content, reflecting and reinforcing racist hypersexualization. After sustained criticism and activism, Google implemented changes resulting in more diverse and empowering results, including organizations like Black Girls Code. This transformation demonstrates that the technical capability to mitigate bias existed all along - what was missing was social awareness and corporate motivation to implement solutions. Other persistent examples of algorithmic discrimination continue to surface: image searches for "unprofessional hairstyles" disproportionately show Black women while "professional hairstyles" display white women; job recruitment algorithms show high-income positions to men more frequently than women; and dynamic pricing systems charge higher rates for SAT tutoring in predominantly Asian neighborhoods. As artificial intelligence systems gain greater agency in society, these embedded cultural biases become increasingly problematic. The danger lies not just in individual instances of discrimination, but in how these technologies claim to transcend human prejudice while actually encoding existing social hierarchies in more subtle, technically legitimized forms.

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5장

Coded Exposure: The Paradox of Visibility and Vulnerability

Technology alternately renders Black people invisible or hypervisible in harmful ways. The sitcom "Better Off Ted" brilliantly satirizes this through an episode where motion sensors fail to detect Black employees, preventing them from using elevators, doors, and water fountains. Rather than fixing the technology, the company installs separate manually operated facilities-a clear parallel to Jim Crow segregation-before eventually hiring white employees to follow Black workers so sensors will activate. This absurdist scenario reflects very real technological biases that continue to plague modern systems. This dual nature of technological exposure for Black people manifests in countless ways: automated soap dispensers that don't recognize dark skin, security cameras that disproportionately flag Black individuals as suspicious, and facial recognition systems that simultaneously fail to identify Black faces while over-surveilling Black communities. This paradox reflects broader power dynamics where technology either erases or over-polices Blackness. Exposure operates as both a technical process (like exposing film) and a form of vulnerability, interweaving artistic, scientific, and sociopolitical dimensions. The historical relationship between visual technologies and racial taxonomies runs deep. Victorian-era photography emerged alongside pseudo-scientific theories of race, with early photographers explicitly using their medium to document and classify human difference in service of colonial projects. These images helped construct and reinforce racial hierarchies while claiming scientific objectivity. Even modern color photography, despite its claims to neutral physics, embeds bias through choices about light sensitivity, color balance, and exposure settings that privilege lighter skin tones. Kodak's Shirley Cards, used from the 1950s through the 1990s, epitomize how technical standards encode racial bias. These calibration cards exclusively featured white women, establishing whiteness as the technical default and systematically underexposing darker skin tones. Black subjects appeared blurry, featureless, or invisible in photographs. Three major factors finally forced change: the practical needs of school integration photography, corporate demands for accurate product photography of brown goods, and economic pressure from Asian markets where light-skin bias limited market share. The Polaroid ID2 camera case study reveals technology's direct role in systems of racial oppression. The camera's "boost button" for darker skin wasn't an inclusive feature but rather a tool for South Africa's apartheid regime to photograph Black citizens for mandatory passbooks. The Polaroid Revolutionary Workers' Movement's powerful slogan - "Polaroid Imprisons Black People in 60 Seconds" - sparked a seven-year campaign that ultimately pushed Polaroid to exit South Africa, creating a model for broader corporate divestment movements. Contemporary examples show these patterns persisting in digital technologies. HP faced criticism when their webcam tracking software failed to recognize dark-skinned users, citing technical limitations rather than examining underlying biases. Google Photos' algorithmic labeling of Black people as "gorillas" revealed how historical racist taxonomies continue to shape modern systems. While surveillance technology affects everyone, its impacts remain deeply unequal - facial recognition systems demonstrate both technical failure to accurately identify Black faces and discriminatory deployment targeting Black communities through law enforcement databases. These ongoing issues demonstrate how technological exposure continues to operate as a mechanism of racial control and discrimination.

6장

Technological Benevolence: When "Help" Perpetuates Harm

What does it mean to "fix" something? To repair, to get even with, to make stable, or to influence through improper methods? This question lies at the heart of technological benevolence-technologies marketed as solutions to social problems that often extend rather than disrupt systems of oppression. The very language of "fixing" reveals underlying assumptions about what constitutes a problem and who gets to determine the solution. Electronic monitoring (EM) exemplifies this complex dynamic. Marketed as a humane alternative to mass incarceration, these devices create what researcher James Kilgore terms "e-carceration"-a digital prison without walls. During his own experience with EM, Kilgore faced impossible choices: taking his seriously ill mother to the hospital meant violating his mobility restrictions. The technology's rigid parameters failed to account for basic human needs and family obligations. Similar stories abound: parents missing children's school events, workers losing jobs due to device malfunctions, and individuals facing re-arrest for technical violations like low battery alerts. The pre-trial implementation of EM reveals deeper systemic issues. Predominantly used for those who cannot afford bail, it creates a two-tiered justice system where wealth determines freedom. The algorithmic risk assessment tools determining monitoring assignments frequently incorporate historical arrest data and zip codes-factors heavily influenced by racial profiling and segregation. Studies show these algorithms consistently rate Black defendants as higher risk, despite equivalent criminal histories. One analysis found monitoring rates in predominantly Black neighborhoods were three times higher than in white areas with similar crime statistics. AI-powered hiring tools represent another troubling iteration of technological benevolence. Platforms like HireVue claim to "reduce unconscious bias" through facial expression analysis and comparison to "successful" employees. While one healthcare company celebrated a 79% reduction in hiring time, candidates report dystopian experiences-performing for algorithms without feedback or recourse. Amazon's abandoned AI recruitment tool, which systematically downgraded resumes containing words like "women's" or graduates of all-women colleges, demonstrated how historical hiring biases become encoded in seemingly neutral systems. Medical technologies particularly illustrate how racial assumptions become embedded in scientific instruments. Spirometers, used to measure lung function, include "race correction" buttons that assume lower capacity for Black patients-a practice traced to plantation physician Samuel Cartwright's racist theories. This standardized difference proved devastating during a 1999 class-action lawsuit when Black asbestos workers struggled to prove injury because their "normal" baseline was artificially lowered. Similar race-based adjustments persist in kidney function tests and cardiac algorithms, perpetuating health disparities under the guise of scientific precision. Healthcare "hot-spotting" exemplifies how even well-intentioned data use can reinforce stigma. This approach, borrowed from police profiling techniques, maps high-cost patients to target interventions. While identifying care gaps, it often characterizes minority communities as inherently problematic, "socially disintegrated," and "unable to self-care." One study found that hot-spot designations correlated more strongly with race than with actual health outcomes. Such technological "solutions" offer surface-level fixes while leaving structural inequities intact, becoming what scholar Ruha Benjamin calls "permanent placeholders for bolder change."

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7장

Beyond Empathy: Rethinking Technology's Role in Social Change

The growing "empathy" discourse in technology, particularly virtual reality marketed as an "empathy machine," raises critical questions about the authenticity and effectiveness of technologically mediated empathy. While VR experiences claim to help users understand others' perspectives, they often reduce complex social issues to simplified narratives. Mark Zuckerberg's tone-deaf virtual "visit" to hurricane-devastated Puerto Rico, where his avatar smiled while floating through flood scenes, exemplifies how these technologies can trivialize real suffering. Rather than fostering genuine understanding, many VR experiences create "poverty porn" that reinforces existing power dynamics between privileged viewers and marginalized subjects. The limitations of technological solutions become particularly apparent in criminal justice applications. While VR training programs for prisoners promise to aid rehabilitation and job readiness, they collide with the harsh reality that over 65 million Americans face severe employment discrimination due to criminal background checks. Companies may invest in VR training while maintaining hiring policies that exclude former offenders. Paradoxically, VR is increasingly deployed to generate empathy for law enforcement officers, while similar efforts to understand the experiences of those affected by police violence remain relatively uncommon. Design thinking methodology, despite its popularity, requires careful scrutiny. The concept of "human-centered design" often prioritizes the needs of paying clients or dominant groups rather than those most impacted by the solutions. While the Design Justice movement attempts to correct this by promoting marginalized communities' participation in technology design processes, deeper questions persist about design thinking itself. The framework's emphasis on rapid iteration and constant forward momentum can preclude necessary reflection and consideration of historical context. The tech industry's approach to diversity often focuses on teaching marginalized individuals to code-switch - adapting their behavior to conform to dominant cultural norms. This places the burden of change on already disadvantaged groups rather than addressing systemic inequities. A more transformative approach would focus on rewriting dominant cultural codes and embedding new values into our social relations and technological systems. This might include alternative success metrics beyond efficiency and profit, such as community well-being and social equity. Creating more just technologies requires fundamental shifts in priorities and processes. This means moving beyond surface-level solutions that maintain existing power structures toward approaches that prioritize equity over efficiency, social good over market imperatives, and genuine transformation over technological quick fixes. It requires questioning not just how we design technology, but who benefits from it and whose knowledge and experiences are valued in its creation.

8장

Abolitionist Tools: Reimagining Technology for Liberation

What would it mean to build truly liberatory technologies? Benjamin advocates for coded equity audits as essential tools for accountability in tech. Auditing-traditionally used in finance but also applied to expose discrimination in housing and employment-can be adapted for algorithmic systems. Such audits must be independent and enforceable, not just internal corporate processes. These audits should examine not only outcomes but also the underlying assumptions, training data, and decision-making processes that shape algorithmic systems. Individual-level data rights like those in Europe's GDPR often exempt law enforcement and can deepen existing inequities. While GDPR provides important protections, its focus on individual consent and control fails to address systemic power imbalances. Community-based approaches like the Detroit Digital Justice Coalition's "DiscoTech" model and the Our Data Bodies project center marginalized perspectives and offer more promising directions. These initiatives emphasize collective data governance, participatory design, and community ownership of technological infrastructure. Benjamin connects current data justice work to historical Black resistance through data, citing W.E.B. Du Bois's pioneering infographics and statistical work, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett's meticulous documentation of lynching statistics. These historical examples demonstrate how data collection and visualization can serve as powerful tools for social justice and resistance. Benjamin emphasizes that narrative tools are as essential as computational ones in challenging the master narrative that technology is neutral. Moving beyond mere access or charity, Benjamin advocates for solidarity-based approaches that question who defines, distributes, and hoards "fortune" and how it was obtained. This requires examining the political economy of technology development and deployment, including venture capital funding patterns, corporate ownership structures, and labor practices. She highlights Virginia Eubanks' warning from welfare recipients tracked through EBT cards: "You should pay attention to what happens to us. You're next," illustrating how surveillance technologies often target vulnerable populations first before expanding to broader society. Against the overwhelming whiteness of popular future visions, Benjamin points to Afrofuturist and Chicanofuturist alternatives that center people of color while confronting systems of domination. These alternative futures imagine technologies that enhance community autonomy, cultural preservation, and collective liberation. She showcases subversive projects like the "White-Collar Crime Risk Zones" app that flips predictive policing to target financial crimes, and Hyphen-Labs' designs like police-recording earrings and facial recognition-blocking clothing. These projects demonstrate how technology can be repurposed to challenge rather than reinforce existing power structures. For Benjamin, liberation requires both critical analysis and creative alternatives that bring joyful, emancipatory technologies to life. This means developing technologies that prioritize community needs, foster collective agency, and challenge oppressive systems. We must disrupt the master narrative that technology is neutral and loyal to those in power. Emancipatory designs aren't just theoretical-they already exist in community technology centers, cooperative platforms, and grassroots innovation spaces that point toward possibilities for technology that serves justice rather than reinforcing oppression. What would our world look like if we designed technologies with justice at their core? How might we code for liberation rather than control? These questions demand practical exploration through participatory design processes, community-led technology assessment, and democratic governance of technological systems. The New Jim Code isn't inevitable; it's a choice we make with every line of code, every design decision, every implementation. Another world is possible, and it begins with reimagining the relationship between technology and justice through concrete practices of resistance, creation, and collective liberation.

★★★★★

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여 완독을 축하합니다

100만 명 이상의 학습자가 사랑합니다

“23일째 매일 사용하고 있어요. 이제 제 일상의 한 부분이 되었습니다.”

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기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여의 핵심 주제

algorithmic bias
automated surveillance
digital discrimination
technological objectivity myth
encoded racial hierarchy

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여의 명언

Machines learn to reproduce our existing prejudices.
Algorithms are getting too prominent in the world.
Can robots be racist? They certainly can.
Move Fast and Break Things: what about the people broken in the process?
Algorithms encode human judgments and societal biases.

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여의 등장인물

Ruha BenjaminAuthor and sociologist studying the New Jim Code
Michelle AlexanderAuthor who conceptualized The New Jim Crow
Donald KnuthComputer scientist who warns about algorithms

저자 소개

기술 이후의 인종: 새로운 짐 코드(Jim Code)를 위한 폐지론적 도구들의 저자인 루하 벤저민(Ruha Benjamin)은 프린스턴 대학교 아프리카계 미국인 연구 학과 교수이자 수상 경력에 빛나는 학자로, 기술과 과학에 내재된 구조적 인종차별에 관한 획기적인 연구로 명성이 높습니다.

알고리즘과 디지털 도구가 어떻게 인종적 불평등을 영속화하는지에 대한 비판적 탐구를 담은 그녀의 저서는 사회학, 윤리학, 기술 비평을 결합하며, 혁신이 사회에 미치는 영향에 대한 그녀의 수십 년간의 연구를 반영하고 있습니다.

UC 버클리에서 박사 학위를 취득하고 UCLA와 하버드에서 박사후 연구원 과정을 마친 벤저민은 데이터 기반의 정의를 재구상하기 위해 프린스턴에 '아이다 B. 웰스 저스트 데이터 랩(Ida B. Wells Just Data Lab)'을 설립했습니다. 그녀의 또 다른 영향력 있는 저서로는 구조적 불평등을 더욱 심도 있게 분석하고 해방적 미래를 옹호하는 *바이럴 저스티스(Viral Justice: How We Grow the World We Want)*와 이매지네이션: 매니페스토(Imagination: A Manifesto) 등이 있습니다.

맥아더 "천재" 펠로우십(MacArthur “Genius” Fellowship)과 스토우 상(Stowe Prize)을 수상한 벤저민의 통찰은 가디언(The Guardian), 네이처(Nature) 및 TED 강연 등을 통해 소개되었습니다. 15개 이상의 언어로 번역된 기술 이후의 인종은 전 세계 대학에서 널리 교육되고 있으며 기술 윤리 개혁의 참고 자료로 인용되고 있습니다.

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기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여 요약을 무료 PDF 또는 EPUB으로 받으세요. 인쇄하거나 오프라인에서 언제든 읽을 수 있습니다.

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Digital Sociology: The Algorithmic Self

As digital platforms increasingly dictate our social and psychological reality, understanding the hidden forces of algorithms is essential for modern literacy. This plan is ideal for sociologists, digital strategists, and anyone seeking to reclaim agency from the architectures of online influence.

40 m•4 섹션

학습 계획

The Architecture of American Racism

This learning plan provides a comprehensive structural analysis of how systemic inequality was intentionally built into American institutions. It is essential for educators, policymakers, and advocates seeking to understand the historical roots of modern social and economic disparities.

3 h•6 섹션

학습 계획

AI & social media algorithm

As AI and social media algorithms increasingly shape what we see, believe, and do online, understanding these systems is essential for anyone who wants to be digitally literate in the 21st century. This learning plan is ideal for professionals, students, creators, and everyday users who want to move beyond passive consumption to critically engage with the technologies that influence public discourse, personal behavior, and societal outcomes.

5 h 10 m•4 섹션

학습 계획

Examine tech's impact on human behavior

This learning plan is essential for anyone seeking to understand how digital technologies are fundamentally reshaping human behavior, society, and consciousness. It's particularly valuable for professionals working in technology, policymakers, educators, and thoughtful citizens who want to critically engage with the ethical and philosophical dimensions of our increasingly AI-driven world. By examining the intersection of psychology, ethics, and technology, learners will gain the analytical tools needed to make informed decisions about technology's role in their lives and society.

5 h 27 m•4 섹션

학습 계획

Ethics and technology

As technology increasingly shapes every aspect of our lives—from AI decision-making to data surveillance—understanding its ethical implications has become essential for informed citizenship and professional responsibility. This learning plan is valuable for technologists, policymakers, business leaders, and engaged citizens who want to think critically about technology's societal impact and contribute to building a future where innovation serves human flourishing rather than undermining it.

5 h 16 m•4 섹션

학습 계획

Billionaires, Bots, and the Ballot

In an era where tech giants and high-net-worth individuals wield unprecedented power, understanding the mechanics of modern democracy is essential. This plan is ideal for political analysts, tech policy advocates, and concerned citizens looking to navigate the intersection of private capital and state machinery.

1 h 30 m•3 섹션

학습 계획

The Culture: AI Minds and Human Purpose

This plan explores the intersection of advanced technology and social philosophy through the lens of Iain M. Banks's universe. It is ideal for sci-fi enthusiasts, futurists, and ethicists interested in the long-term implications of AI governance.

2 h•4 섹션

학습 계획

Technology and AI

Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming every industry and aspect of modern life, making AI literacy essential for professionals across all fields. This learning path is ideal for business leaders, technologists, strategists, and anyone seeking to understand both the technical foundations and strategic implications of AI. Whether you're looking to implement AI in your organization, pivot your career toward emerging technologies, or simply understand the forces shaping our future, this comprehensive program bridges the gap between technical knowledge and practical application.

4 h 52 m•4 섹션

샌프란시스코에서 컬럼비아 대학교 동문들이 만들었습니다

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1,000,000+ curious minds.

4.7

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1M+ learners

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

웹에서 BeFreed가 어떻게 논의되고 있는지 더 보기

샌프란시스코에서 컬럼비아 대학교 동문들이 만들었습니다

LOVED BY

1,000,000+ curious minds.

4.7

avg rating

1M+ learners

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

웹에서 BeFreed가 어떻게 논의되고 있는지 더 보기

지금 바로 학습 여정을 시작하세요

8장

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여

개요기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여 개요

한 권의 책, 다양한 듣기 방식.

When Technology Reinforces Racism: The Invisible Codes That Shape Our World

The New Jim Code: How Discrimination Gets Digitized

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

Engineered Inequity: When Discrimination Is By Design

Default Discrimination: When Neutrality Reproduces Inequality

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여에서 더 많은 것을 얻으세요

Coded Exposure: The Paradox of Visibility and Vulnerability

Technological Benevolence: When "Help" Perpetuates Harm

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

Beyond Empathy: Rethinking Technology's Role in Social Change

Abolitionist Tools: Reimagining Technology for Liberation

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여 완독을 축하합니다

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여의 핵심 주제

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여의 명언

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여의 등장인물

저자 소개

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여 요약 다운로드

다른 사용자들도 좋아한 책

이 책에 대한 FAQ

What is Race After Technology by Ruha Benjamin about?

Who should read Race After Technology?

What are the main ideas in Race After Technology?

What does "New Jim Code" mean in the book?

더 알아보기

1,000,000+ curious minds.

1,000,000+ curious minds.

한 권의 책, 다양한 듣기 방식.

When Technology Reinforces Racism: The Invisible Codes That Shape Our World

The New Jim Code: How Discrimination Gets Digitized

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

Engineered Inequity: When Discrimination Is By Design

Default Discrimination: When Neutrality Reproduces Inequality

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여에서 더 많은 것을 얻으세요

Coded Exposure: The Paradox of Visibility and Vulnerability

Technological Benevolence: When "Help" Perpetuates Harm

들리는 모든 단어를 눈으로 확인하세요

Beyond Empathy: Rethinking Technology's Role in Social Change

Abolitionist Tools: Reimagining Technology for Liberation

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여 완독을 축하합니다

다른 사용자들도 좋아한 책

더 알아보기

기술 이후의 인종 혹은 인종주의가 설계된 기술인가라는 물음에 대하여 개요