
Nobel Prize-winner Robert Shiller's "Irrational Exuberance" predicted both the dot-com crash and housing bubble. Published precisely at Nasdaq's peak before its collapse, this economic prophecy earned Nassim Taleb's admiration and sparked fierce debates with Eugene Fama about market efficiency.
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When Alan Greenspan uttered the phrase "irrational exuberance" in 1996, markets worldwide tumbled. Yet the Dow would triple before spectacularly crashing in 2000-exactly as economist Robert Shiller had predicted. What drives rational people to collectively lose their minds when it comes to asset prices? The answer lies in a powerful psychological feedback loop: news of price increases sparks enthusiasm, which spreads like a contagion, drawing in larger classes of investors. This creates a naturally occurring Ponzi scheme where early investors profit from later arrivals, all driven by the infectious narrative that prices will continue rising indefinitely. History reveals this pattern repeating with remarkable consistency. Looking at U.S. stock data since 1881, Shiller identified only three periods before 2000 when price-earnings ratios reached extraordinary heights-each followed by devastating crashes and decades of subpar returns. When Shiller constructed his Cyclically Adjusted Price-Earnings ratio (CAPE), he discovered the Millennium Boom's peak CAPE of 47.2 far exceeded even the 1929 peak of 32.6. The market wasn't responding to fundamentals-it was caught in the grip of a powerful psychological phenomenon that would eventually unravel with devastating consequences.
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