Who should read *Equity: How to Design Organizations Where Everyone Thrives*?

This book is essential for executives, DEI professionals, HR leaders, and managers seeking systemic solutions to workplace inequity. It’s also valuable for policymakers, educators, and activists interested in designing inclusive systems. Minal Bopaiah’s blend of psychology and organizational design makes it a resource for anyone committed to measurable, sustainable equity.

What are the main concepts in *Equity: How to Design Organizations Where Everyone Thrives*?

Key ideas include: - **Bias vs. Systems**: Inequity stems more from flawed systems than individual prejudice. - **Human-Centered Design**: Tailor solutions to how people actually think and behave. - **Equitable Leadership**: Foster engagement through transparency and accountability. - **Media’s Role**: Use communications to challenge stereotypes and amplify marginalized voices.

How does the book address bias and systemic inequity?

Bopaiah argues that systemic redesign—not just bias training—is critical for equity. She provides frameworks to audit organizational processes (e.g., hiring, promotions) and redesign them using behavioral science. For example, NPR’s system for diversifying expert sources involved creating structured guidelines to reduce reliance on informal networks.

What practical frameworks does Minal Bopaiah offer?

The book introduces: - **IDEA Design Process**: A four-step method (Diagnose, Design, Pilot, Scale) for embedding equity. - **Inclusive Leadership Model**: Strategies for transparent decision-making and equitable resource allocation. - **Bridging the Gap**: Tactics to connect dominant and non-dominant groups through shared goals.

How does *Equity* recommend improving workplace communication?

Bopaiah advises aligning messaging with audience values, auditing content for exclusionary language, and leveraging storytelling to humanize equity efforts. The book highlights Cook Ross’s marketing overhaul, which increased web traffic by 1,450% while avoiding tokenism.

What role does media play in promoting equity, according to the book?

Media can either reinforce stereotypes or drive cultural change. Bopaiah shares insights from Sesame Workshop on designing content that fosters empathy. Examples include intentional character representation and storylines that normalize diversity.

Equity

Q: Is *Equity: How to Design Organizations Where Everyone Thrives* worth reading?

Yes—the book is a concise, research-backed guide praised for its practicality. It balances theory with real-world examples, such as NPR’s news source diversification strategy and Sesame Workshop’s educational content design. Readers gain tools to diagnose inequitable systems and implement human-centered solutions.

How to Design Organizations Where Everyone Thrives

Minal Bopaiah

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Overview of Equity

Discover how to transform organizations through equity, not just diversity. Minal Bopaiah's framework - endorsed in Mount Sinai's DEI guide and featured in Stanford Social Innovation Review - reveals why NPR managers and consulting partners thrive when designing systems where everyone's unique strengths flourish.

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Chapter 1

Reimagining Equity: A Blueprint for Inclusive Organizations

When Minal Bopaiah's parents arrived in America in 1976 with a single suitcase and twenty dollars, they embodied what many consider the quintessential immigrant success story. Yet this narrative hides crucial systemic factors: the 1965 Immigration Act that finally permitted non-white immigrants entry, and America's strategic recruitment of foreign-educated doctors to fill labor gaps without paying for their training. This simple family story reveals a profound truth about our world: systems are designed to create inequity. "Equity: How to Design Organizations Where Everyone Thrives" has become a cornerstone text for forward-thinking organizations since its 2021 publication. Praised by diversity leaders like Johnnetta Betsch Cole and embraced by companies from NPR to Johns Hopkins University, Bopaiah's work offers something rare-a practical framework for transforming abstract equity concepts into concrete organizational change. Unlike many diversity books that focus primarily on awareness, Bopaiah provides actionable design principles that make doing the right thing the easy thing, regardless of personal passion for social justice.

Chapter 2

Understanding the Systemic Nature of Inequity

America's founding documents enshrine equality, but our systems tell a different story. From education funded by local property taxes (ensuring wealthy neighborhoods have better schools) to immigration policies that extract talent from other countries rather than investing in our own residents, inequity is baked into our designs. This systemic inequality manifests in numerous ways: redlining practices that historically restricted housing access, healthcare disparities that result in different life expectancies across neighborhoods, and hiring practices that perpetuate wage gaps across gender and racial lines. The distinction between equality and equity is crucial. Equality gives everyone identical resources regardless of circumstances, while equity provides what each person needs to fully participate. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's illustration captures this perfectly: equality shows three people of different heights standing on identical boxes to watch a baseball game, with the shortest person still unable to see; equity shows each person with appropriately sized boxes, allowing everyone to watch. This concept extends beyond metaphor to real-world scenarios: flexible work arrangements for parents, accessibility accommodations for disabled employees, or targeted mentorship programs for underrepresented groups. This difference matters because equity makes room for human diversity and leverages it as a strength. Sometimes equality is appropriate (as with marriage equality), but equitable solutions recognize that different people need different approaches. For instance, a workplace might provide identical training to all employees (equality), but an equitable approach would offer specialized development paths based on individual needs and starting points. Without equity, inclusion becomes performative-focusing on feelings rather than the hard systems redesign needed for equal pay and diverse leadership. Companies might celebrate diversity months or host cultural events while maintaining pay disparities or promotion barriers. Creating equity requires three preconditions: valuing differences between individuals and groups rather than demonizing them; people with power seeing systems and how they influence opportunities; and those with power wanting everyone to thrive with their differences intact. This framework provides the foundation for organizational transformation. Success stories demonstrate this approach: companies that have reformed their hiring practices to eliminate bias, universities that have revised admissions criteria to consider broader measures of merit, and organizations that have restructured leadership pathways to ensure diverse representation at all levels. The path to equity requires continuous assessment and adjustment of systems, policies, and practices. Organizations must examine everything from recruitment strategies to promotion criteria, from communication styles to decision-making processes. This systemic approach ensures that equity becomes embedded in organizational DNA rather than remaining a superficial initiative.

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Chapter 3

The Complex Relationship Between Bias, Systems, and Equity

Most American systems were designed for the "default" human-white, male, straight, able-bodied, Christian, and upper-middle class-while everyone else is treated as "other." This isn't accidental but deeply embedded in institutional frameworks. As Harvard professor Mahzarin Banaji explains, bias functions as "the thumbprint of the culture on our brain," where culture shapes our collective behavior through media, education, social norms, and institutional practices. These biases manifest in everything from healthcare protocols to lending practices to hiring decisions. System design encompasses the policies, laws, structures, and rules governing how individuals operate within systems. American systems were deliberately designed to advantage white men with property, creating intricate legal and social frameworks that persist today. Indigenous people were "subtractively" racialized through blood quantum requirements ensuring their eventual decimation, requiring increasingly precise fractions of "Indian blood" to claim tribal membership. Black people were "expansively" racialized through "one drop" rules that multiplied the enslaved workforce, ensuring that children of any African ancestry remained enslaved. The Thirteenth Amendment's seemingly progressive abolition of slavery included a crucial loophole allowing slavery to continue through criminality, leading to today's mass incarceration system where Black Americans are incarcerated at five times the rate of whites. These systems rest on the central lie of rugged individualism-that success comes solely from individual effort-which perpetuates injustice even in well-meaning innovations. Take the Moneythink app that teaches financial literacy to low-income students without addressing the systemic causes of inequality, such as redlining, discriminatory lending, and the racial wealth gap. Similar examples include college preparation programs that focus on student "grit" while ignoring underfunded schools, or workplace diversity initiatives that emphasize individual unconscious bias training while leaving discriminatory policies intact. This approach places the burden of change on those with the least power rather than redesigning the systems that create inequality. Creating equitable organizations within biased systems requires ingenuity, courage, and sustained commitment, but remains possible regardless of size or industry. The process involves rehumanizing-seeing employees as people first rather than resources to leverage-and centering those traditionally pushed to the margins. This means examining everything from hiring practices to promotion criteria to workplace policies through an equity lens. By centering marginalized groups, we often discover innovations that benefit everyone, like text messaging (invented for the deaf) or flextime (created for parents). Other examples include curb cuts, originally designed for wheelchair users but beneficial for everyone from parents with strollers to delivery workers, and closed captions, which help not only the deaf community but also language learners and anyone watching video in noisy environments.

Chapter 4

Human-Centered Design for Equity

Human-centered design (HCD) principles, when combined with behavior change management, can effectively address inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility (IDEA) challenges across organizations. The Embrace infant warmer exemplifies this approach. Created by Rajan Patel and Stanford classmates, this innovation rejected the Western assumption that American incubators were best for Indian babies. Through empathizing with local needs, they discovered that traditional incubators failed because births often occurred at home, electricity was unreliable, and mothers disliked separation from newborns. Their solution-a swaddle unit with a "phase change pack" that maintains ideal temperature without constant electricity-has saved over 300,000 babies. While human-centered design offers a valuable framework for equity work, its traditional practice has been criticized for lacking diversity among designers (71% identify as White/Caucasian). The process needs modification to truly advance inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility in organizations. The equity-centered design process begins with empathy-not mere connection or perspective-taking, but understanding and respecting different values without judgment. When designing for equity, the goal isn't uniformity of thought but valuing differences. Research shows perspective-gathering (asking people directly about their experiences) proves more effective than perspective-taking (imagining oneself in another's position). This approach proved crucial in repealing "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," where Pentagon leaders gathered perspectives from 150,000 soldiers rather than relying on assumptions. The Define and Diagnose step helps identify obstacles to equity by categorizing whether people need more motivation (experiencing bias rather than rationalizing it), clearer direction (specific processes), or an easier path that reduces cognitive load. Ideation unleashes creativity through brainstorming, while prototyping allows early feedback through storyboards, draft messaging, or process charts. Testing continues perspective-gathering, but organizations must be mindful of power dynamics that inhibit candid feedback. Designers wield enormous power to shape people's lives. When designing equitable organizations, we must embrace a liberatory approach to power that views differences as strengths and works from a spirit of trust. Julie Diamond identifies seven behaviors of inclusive power: empowerment, conflict competence, respect, fairness, approachability, discretion, and judiciousness. These qualities are essential for equitable leaders who nurture the preconditions for equity.

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Chapter 5

Leadership That Drives Equity

Designing organizations where everyone thrives begins with engaged leadership. Leaders must be willing to use their power to design more equitable systems, sometimes going against established practices, taking time to listen, and questioning assumptions. Our brains are wired to feel threatened by difference. A supremacist approach either ignores difference or views it as cause for separation, while a liberatory approach views differences as strengths. The pathway from a monocultural to an intercultural mindset moves through stages: from denial and polarization, through minimization, to acceptance and adaptation. Leaders with acceptance mindsets embrace cultural differences and ask how they contribute to collective good, while those with adaptation mindsets alter their behavior according to cultural context. Equitable leaders develop "system sight" by understanding their own relationship to the systems they operate within. The Group Identity Wheel helps position one's identity in relation to systems and power by mapping dimensions like race, gender, and class, marking whether each represents a historically centered or marginalized group. Understanding both marginalization and privilege is vital for equitable leadership. Equitable leaders must also rewrite their stories of success by acknowledging systems, privilege, and support received from others. The myth of the self-made individual-perpetuated by narrative structures like the Hero's Journey-makes systems invisible and reinforces oppression. Rather than attributing success to luck (which obscures systemic advantages), equitable leaders highlight how systems supported them. In 2020, Brevity & Wit worked with Evans Consulting, a boutique firm dedicated to cocreating healthy organizations. Despite scoring high on inclusion measures, the company lacked diversity, particularly racial diversity. After George Floyd's murder, managing partners Jack Moore and Bob Etris committed to meaningful IDEA work, saying "I don't want to just put out a toothless statement; I want to do the hard work." They carved out weekly time for IDEA initiatives, established a salary floor ensuring middle-class wages for all employees, and paused leadership hiring until they could recruit a diverse candidate pool. Their example demonstrates that effective equity leadership requires vulnerability, bravery, and prioritizing people over ego.

Chapter 6

Translating Awareness into Action

To design organizations that promote equity, leaders must center people historically pushed to the margins through comprehensive perspective-gathering and defining clear equitable outcomes. This requires intentional outreach to marginalized groups, creating safe spaces for honest feedback, and establishing concrete metrics for success. The pathway between awareness and impact requires identifying specific, observable behaviors and systematically reinforcing them through organizational systems and processes. When working with NPR to diversify news sources, Bopaiah established a measurable outcome: returning to at least 27% people of color as sources, based on historical data showing previous success at this level. But outcomes need detailed pathways and implementation strategies. Through extensive conversations with journalists, producers, and managers, they agreed on one foundational observable behavior: "by the end of 2020, every journalist is tracking source diversity." Despite initial resistance and time constraints, they identified "bright spots" where managers were already tracking sources successfully. These exemplars shared diverse methods including custom spreadsheets, standardized identity questions during interviews, automated Slack tracking systems, and source diversity databases. This variety of approaches allowed teams to adopt methods that best fit their workflow. Within a month, previously skeptical managers reported that tracking data revealed unconscious patterns in source selection they hadn't noticed before, such as repeatedly returning to the same expert voices. Observable behaviors must be reinforced by organizational systems and cultural norms. At NPR, they discovered the newsroom culture's intense emphasis on deadlines inadvertently discouraged reporters from expanding their source networks and finding diverse voices. The solution involved a systematic approach: amending performance reviews to hold managers accountable for source tracking, creating dedicated time blocks for source development, and establishing a shared database of diverse experts. Many organizations face similar challenges where existing systems undermine IDEA efforts, like companies claiming to want more women in leadership while offering predominantly male-centric perks such as late-night networking events or golf outings. Nudging presents choices that encourage people toward options in their best interest while preserving their autonomy to opt out. Effective nudges should be invisible and sustainable rather than novel or attention-grabbing. Examples like the Piano Stairs in Stockholm (turning stairs into piano keys to encourage exercise) and the PlayPump in Africa (a water pump powered by children's play) demonstrate how novelty-based solutions often fail over time. The PlayPump particularly highlighted the dangers of designs created without meaningful input from those they're meant to serve - local communities found it less efficient than traditional pumps and children tired of the constant "play" required for water access. Technology plays a crucial role in creating equitable organizations but often contains embedded biases that must be actively identified and addressed. Despite appearing objective, technology reflects human biases in its design and implementation. AI hiring algorithms, for example, often favor candidates similar to those previously successful, typically reinforcing white male dominance by learning from historical hiring patterns. Organizations committed to equity must carefully select and design their technological infrastructure, conducting regular audits for bias, ensuring diverse development teams, and implementing safeguards against discriminatory outcomes. This includes examining everything from recruitment software to performance evaluation tools to ensure they support rather than undermine equity goals.

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Chapter 7

Strategic Communications for Equity

Effective communications are essential for generating organizational buy-in for IDEA initiatives. Drawing on Isabel Wilkerson's metaphor from "Caste," the grammar of our sentences-how we structure thoughts about groups-matters more than specific terminology. While word choice matters for showing respect, sentence construction reveals underlying thinking. For instance, passive voice constructions like "minorities are underrepresented" obscure agency compared to active statements like "companies fail to hire diverse candidates." Some may use outdated terms but demonstrate sound thinking through their sentence structure and context, while others employ currently acceptable terminology while subtly embedding discriminatory assumptions in their grammar and framing. Behavior change communications, proven effective in public health initiatives like smoking cessation and HIV prevention campaigns, can help transform organizations. The FrameWorks Institute identifies three major obstacles to discussing systemic racism: the progress and personalization narrative ("we've come so far, and I'm not racist"), belief in rugged individualism, and the separate fates narrative (the idea that what happens to others doesn't affect us). Research shows these narratives are deeply embedded in organizational cultures but can be overcome. Frames that focus on shared values like ingenuity/solutions first, opportunity for all, and interdependence consistently prove effective. For example, framing workplace equity as "unleashing everyone's full potential" rather than "fixing discrimination" tends to generate broader support. Targeted messaging differs from framing by focusing on specific audiences and behaviors. Spitfire Strategies' message box provides a practical tool with four essential components: a shared top value (such as fairness or innovation), a barrier breaker to overcome resistance (addressing specific concerns), a clear ask for action (concrete steps), and an echo vision of the desired outcome (painting a picture of success). Building on this framework, Brevity & Wit created a linear message template for IDEA communications that starts with identifying values and barriers, then provides an explanatory model outlining why, how, and what to form a causal link that helps audiences see systemic issues. This approach has proven particularly effective in helping middle managers understand and communicate about equity initiatives. While IDEA work is inherently apolitical, focusing on human dignity and organizational effectiveness, some concepts have become politicized, creating challenges for nonpartisan organizations. Two guiding principles can help navigate this landscape: first, recognize that IDEA work bridges differences and allows people to be different while finding common ground; second, draw the line at dehumanization in any form. Organizations must develop clear positions against dehumanizing language or practices while preparing comprehensive crisis communications plans for potential backlash. This includes preparing response strategies for social media criticism, stakeholder concerns, and media inquiries. Successful organizations often create message banks with pre-approved language for various scenarios and train key spokespersons in crisis communication principles.

Chapter 8

Media and Marketing as Equity Tools

Media serves as the inkpad for the thumbprint of cultural bias on our brains, shaping societal attitudes and beliefs through constant exposure and repetition. In today's digital landscape, any organization with an online presence - from small nonprofits to global corporations - participates in the media ecosystem through social media posts, websites, newsletters, and digital advertising. This media environment wields exceptional power in shaping perceptions and perpetuating biases, often in subtle ways that viewers may not consciously recognize. Media don't tell us what to think but rather what to think about-controlling the conversation by directing our attention to specific issues while potentially neglecting others. Representation in media profoundly impacts how different groups see themselves and how others perceive them. While progress has occurred-like female leads reaching parity with males in top films for the first time in 2019-significant gaps remain across all media formats. Less than 33% of leads were women of color, and white characters were more likely portrayed as upper-class professionals, executives, and leaders. Additionally, characters from marginalized groups often appear in stereotypical roles or as token diversity additions. Content creators can counter these harmful trends by allowing characters to express full emotional ranges, showing diverse people in positions of power and authority, and developing complex, nuanced portrayals rather than relying on stereotypes. When creating content, organizations must humbly ask if they're the appropriate people to address certain issues based on their lived experience or expertise. This involves careful consideration of cultural appropriation-when dominant groups take elements from systematically oppressed cultures without understanding or respecting their significance-which differs fundamentally from mutual cultural exchange. The PBS Kids show "Molly of Denali" demonstrates respectful representation by hiring Indigenous creators, writers, and advisors throughout production and ensuring every Indigenous character is voiced by an Indigenous actor. This approach ensures authentic storytelling and provides economic opportunities to underrepresented communities. Accessibility isn't just about compliance - it's about creating content that everyone can enjoy and engage with meaningfully. The 56 million Americans with disabilities represent $175 billion in discretionary spending power, making accessibility both a moral imperative and smart business practice. Consider five crucial dimensions when designing accessible content: vision (including color contrast and screen reader compatibility), hearing (captions and transcripts), mobility (keyboard navigation), cognitive ability (clear language and consistent layout), and culture (inclusive terminology and translations). Remember that a person's abilities may change situationally or temporarily - someone might be temporarily unable to use a mouse due to an injury, or watching video content in a noisy environment - making accessible design beneficial for all users. Organizations committed to equity should implement ethical practices in their marketing and storytelling. This includes paying the beneficiaries they interview for fundraising and marketing campaigns, acknowledging that their stories have value and their time deserves compensation. Communities in Schools exemplifies this approach by paying students for sharing their stories and giving them decision-making roles in the organization. IDEA begins with ceasing to cause harm, regardless of intention. One recommended practice is allowing photo subjects to revoke image use permissions later, protecting them should their circumstances change due to domestic violence, immigration status, or other forms of oppression. Organizations should also implement clear consent processes and maintain transparent communication about how stories and images will be used.

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Chapter 9

Building a More Equitable Future Together

As employees increasingly recognize their interdependence and organize for change through walkouts and protests, leaders must respond. Corporate social responsibility is no longer optional for companies seeking to attract talent and customers. However, organizations must avoid virtue signaling or chasing trending social causes without making substantive commitments. Everyone can contribute to creating a more equitable world by joining intersectional movements and pressuring their workplaces for change. Mid-level leaders can advance equity by organizing with counterparts at peer organizations or through industry associations. Communications professionals have significant power through storytelling that unmasks systems for peers and the public. Organizations must collectively organize for equity. While initiatives like the CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion pledge (signed by 1,500+ CEOs) represent a start, true change requires defending democracy itself. Capitalism and democracy aren't synonymous-countries like Russia and China demonstrate capitalism can thrive without democracy. To protect democracy and capitalism, businesses should advocate for four pillars: an impartial justice system, prices reflecting true costs, real competition fostered by regulations, and freedom of opportunity supported by public structures like quality education and healthcare. Nonprofits often perpetuate inequity through discriminatory practices and by colluding with wealth hoarding. With US foundations controlling approximately $1 trillion in assets, they must embrace reparations by tithing 10% of assets to trust funds led by Native and Black Americans for asset-building projects. Philanthropists should advocate for higher taxes on high earners-the most powerful way to build a just society. Equity demands examining our fundamental assumptions and making the invisible systems visible. Though challenging, equity delivers innovation and opportunity that improves everyone's lives. From saving babies in India to ensuring people with disabilities can access information, equity prevents differences from determining life outcomes. Everything in our world was designed by someone no greater than ourselves-we are all designers of our shared destiny with the power to create a more just world. When we create equity, we fulfill a deep human need and discover the depths of our true humanity.

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Key Themes in Equity

systemic design
organizational equity
inclusive leadership
bias mitigation
structural inequality

Quotes from Equity

Equity provides what each person needs to fully participate.
Equity makes room for human diversity and leverages it as a strength.
Bias functions as 'the thumbprint of the culture on our brain.'
Most American systems were designed for the 'default' human.

Characters in Equity

Minal BopaiahAuthor and founder of the equity design framework
Mahzarin BanajiHarvard professor and expert on implicit bias
Johnnetta Betsch ColeDiversity leader and advocate for the book

About the Author

Minal Bopaiah is the award-winning author of Equity: How to Design Organizations Where Everyone Thrives and a leading diversity, equity, and inclusion strategist with two decades of experience in human-centered design and organizational change.

Her book, a blueprint for equitable workplace design, draws from her work with institutions like NPR—where she developed systems to diversify news sources—and Sesame Workshop, where she harnessed media’s power for social impact.

A frequent keynote speaker at organizations including Salesforce and SXSW, Bopaiah combines behavioral science with practical frameworks, earning recognition in the Stanford Social Innovation Review and appearances on NPR’s Kojo Nnamdi Show.

Founder of the consultancy Brevity & Wit, she holds a Master’s in clinical psychology and advanced training from Georgetown University. Equity won the 2022 Terry McAdam Book Award for its transformative approach to building inclusive cultures.

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"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

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"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

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Chapter 8

Equity

OverviewOverview of Equity

One book. Many ways to hear it.

Reimagining Equity: A Blueprint for Inclusive Organizations

Understanding the Systemic Nature of Inequity

See every word as you hear it

The Complex Relationship Between Bias, Systems, and Equity

Human-Centered Design for Equity

Get more out of Equity

Leadership That Drives Equity

Translating Awareness into Action

See every word as you hear it

Strategic Communications for Equity

Media and Marketing as Equity Tools

Get more out of Equity

Building a More Equitable Future Together

You made it to the end of Equity

Key Themes in Equity

Quotes from Equity

Characters in Equity

About the Author

Download Summary of Equity

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FAQs About This Book

What is Equity: How to Design Organizations Where Everyone Thrives about?

Who should read Equity: How to Design Organizations Where Everyone Thrives?

Is Equity: How to Design Organizations Where Everyone Thrives worth reading?

What are the main concepts in Equity: How to Design Organizations Where Everyone Thrives?

Part of a Learning Plan

Improve user experience and accessibility

Inclusion, Models & Participation Exam Prep

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1,000,000+ curious minds.

1,000,000+ curious minds.

One book. Many ways to hear it.

Reimagining Equity: A Blueprint for Inclusive Organizations

Understanding the Systemic Nature of Inequity

See every word as you hear it

The Complex Relationship Between Bias, Systems, and Equity

Human-Centered Design for Equity

Get more out of Equity

Leadership That Drives Equity

Translating Awareness into Action

See every word as you hear it

Strategic Communications for Equity

Media and Marketing as Equity Tools

Get more out of Equity

Building a More Equitable Future Together

You made it to the end of Equity

Users also liked

Part of a Learning Plan

Improve user experience and accessibility

Inclusion, Models & Participation Exam Prep

Discover more

Overview of Equity