What is *The Broken Ladder* by Keith Payne about?

*The Broken Ladder* examines how **perceived inequality** harms mental and physical health, decision-making, and societal cohesion. Keith Payne, a psychology professor, uses research and real-world examples to show how feeling disadvantaged—even with material wealth—triggers stress, poor choices, and divisive ideologies. The book argues that inequality isn’t just about income but also **social comparisons** that shape identity and behavior.

Who should read *The Broken Ladder*?

This book is ideal for readers interested in **psychology, sociology, or public policy**, as well as anyone grappling with societal divides. Policymakers, educators, and individuals seeking to understand how inequality influences health, politics, and personal relationships will find actionable insights. Its blend of academic rigor and accessible storytelling appeals to both general and specialist audiences.

Is *The Broken Ladder* worth reading?

Yes. Payne combines **data-driven analysis** with relatable anecdotes to make complex concepts engaging. Reviews highlight its relevance to current debates about wealth gaps and polarization. The book offers practical steps to mitigate inequality’s effects, making it valuable for those seeking personal or societal solutions.

What does the "broken ladder" metaphor mean?

The ladder symbolizes **social hierarchy and opportunity**. A "broken" ladder reflects systemic barriers that prevent upward mobility, trapping individuals in cycles of disadvantage. Payne argues that even small gaps in status distort perceptions of fairness, fueling stress and risky behavior. The metaphor underscores how inequality destabilizes communities.

How does *The Broken Ladder* explain poor decision-making in unequal societies?

Perceived scarcity triggers a **short-term survival mindset**, leading to impulsive choices like payday loans or avoiding education. Chronic stress from social comparisons impairs cognitive function, reducing long-term planning. Payne links this to higher rates of addiction, early parenthood, and distrust in institutions.

What are the key differences between absolute and relative poverty in the book?

- **Absolute poverty**: Lack of basic needs (food, shelter). - **Relative poverty**: Feeling deprived compared to others, even with adequate resources. Payne emphasizes that **relative poverty** drives psychological distress, as people measure their worth against peers. This "status anxiety" harms health and relationships more than material lack alone.

What solutions does Keith Payne propose to reduce inequality’s harms?

- **Policy changes**: Tax reforms, affordable healthcare/education. - **Individual actions**: Practicing gratitude, fostering community ties. - **Corporate/Government measures**: Transparent pay structures, anti-discrimination laws. Payne stresses that addressing **perceived inequality** requires systemic and cultural shifts to rebuild trust and opportunity.

How does *The Broken Ladder* relate to workplace dynamics?

The book explains how pay gaps and hierarchical cultures breed resentment, reduce collaboration, and increase turnover. Employees who feel undervalued adopt a **zero-sum mindset**, undermining teamwork. Payne advises leaders to promote equity through recognition programs and inclusive policies.

格差の心理学

格差がいかに私たちの考え方、生き方、そして死に方に影響を及ぼすか

キース・ペイン

4.21(3996 Reviews)

『格差の心理学』の概要

不平等が単なる経済的な問題ではなく、心理的な問題でもある理由を探ってみましょう。『不平等が健康を損なう（原題：The Broken Ladder）』は、主観的なステータスがいかに私たちの意思決定、健康、そして社会を形成しているかを明らかにします。ニューヨーク・タイムズ紙やサイエンティフィック・アメリカン誌でも取り上げられたペインの研究は、「貧しい」と感じることが、実際に貧しいこと以上に重要である理由を解説しています。

語り方を選ぶ

1冊の本。さまざまな聴き方。

格差の心理学の同じアイデアを、あなたに合う声・深さ・ペースで学べます。いつでも切り替えられます。

第1章

The Invisible Force That Shapes Our Lives

When you board an airplane, you're not just entering a metal tube that will transport you from one place to another-you're stepping into a microcosm of society's hierarchies. First-class passengers sip champagne while coach travelers squeeze past them with their carry-ons. This physical embodiment of status differences isn't just uncomfortable; it's combustible. Research shows air rage incidents are almost four times higher on planes with first-class cabins, and when coach passengers board at the front (parading past the privileged), incidents double. What's fascinating is that these tensions arise even when everyone aboard is relatively well-off-the mere presence of relative differences creates friction. This phenomenon extends far beyond air travel. The psychological impact of inequality-feeling poorer than others-affects our decision-making, health, and happiness in profound ways that mirror the effects of actual poverty. Today, the richest 85 people globally possess more wealth than the poorest 3.5 billion combined. In America, the top 1% capture over 20% of all income. While the poorest Americans' inflation-adjusted incomes have remained relatively flat since 1967, the upper classes have become steadily wealthier, creating a sensation similar to sitting on a stationary train while another departs-even standing still feels like falling behind. This book isn't about the economic causes of inequality but rather its psychological effects-how the wealth of others changes our experience of the world, why feeling poor subtracts years from your life, and how financial insecurity leads to seemingly self-defeating decisions. The impact of inequality on our psychology creates a broken ladder that affects everyone climbing it, regardless of which rung they occupy.

第2章

The Moment We Discover Where We Stand

I discovered I was poor when a new lunch lady asked me for $1.25-money I didn't have. Though nothing about my family's finances had changed, that moment transformed my perception completely. I began noticing differences between myself and classmates who paid for lunch-their better shoes, haircuts, even their less Southern accents. A social ladder suddenly stretched before me, and I, once merely shy, became almost completely silent at school. Surprisingly, our subjective perceptions of status are largely disconnected from objective measures like income and education. When asked to place themselves on a ten-rung Status Ladder, only about 20% of people's self-placement correlates with traditional status markers. Yet these subjective perceptions powerfully predict health outcomes, decision quality, and even lifespan. We constantly compare ourselves to others to determine if we have "enough," though these comparisons operate largely in the background of our awareness. Despite this, we mysteriously manage to rate ourselves as above average in most domains-the "Lake Wobegon effect." Even hospitalized accident victims rate themselves as better-than-average drivers, regardless of who caused their accidents. A stunning 94% of college professors believe they're better teachers than their colleagues, and most people rate themselves as more objective and less biased than average. Our status obsession isn't uniquely human-primates share this trait. Rhesus macaques will sacrifice rewards just to look at high-status monkeys while requiring extra payment to view low-status ones. This preoccupation with status is ancient, appearing across species that diverged 25 million years ago. Though early humans lived in relatively egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies for 100,000 years, agriculture's advent 10,000 years ago enabled wealth accumulation and dramatically steeper hierarchies. Today's inequality has reached levels not seen since before the Great Depression. When researchers Norton and Ariely asked Americans about wealth distribution, they found people greatly underestimate inequality's extremity. When shown two wealth distributions without labels-one representing the United States and one Sweden-a striking 92% chose the Swedish model, including both Republicans (90%) and Democrats (94%). This confirms philosopher John Rawls's prediction that behind a "veil of ignorance," reasonable people prefer more equality. Our evolved appetite for status creates a mismatch with modern extreme inequality, similar to how our cravings for sugar and fat lead to health problems in food-abundant environments. For thousands of centuries, humans evolved climbing social ladders only a few rungs high. Today we face skyscraper-tall ladders that our stone-age psychology isn't equipped to handle.

聴きながら、すべての言葉を目で追えます

『格差の心理学』の一語一語が音声に合わせてリアルタイムでハイライトされ、自然に読み進められます。

第3章

The Relativity of Everything We Experience

Our perception of reality is fundamentally relative, not absolute. Just as the checkerboard illusion demonstrates how identical gray squares appear different depending on context, our judgments about wealth, status, and even basic sensations like hunger and weight are shaped by comparison. Studies reveal how profoundly context shapes perception. Brian Wansink's ingenious "bottomless soup bowl" experiment showed that people with imperceptibly refilling bowls ate nearly twice as much as others yet felt equally full-their satiation determined more by visual cues than actual calories consumed. Similarly, Donald Brown's weight perception studies demonstrated that we make sophisticated comparisons, instinctively deciding which comparisons matter and which don't. Social status comparisons operate with remarkable efficiency. Even three-year-olds can accurately identify social class distinctions, as demonstrated when the author's daughter perfectly categorized her classmates as "rich" or "poor" based on their parents' professions. Michael Kraus and Dacher Keltner found adults can accurately judge others' social class after watching just one minute of conversation, with higher-status individuals showing more disengagement (grooming, doodling) while lower-status individuals worked harder to be liked. Most strikingly, these comparisons often happen unconsciously. When research participants were subliminally exposed to "Michael Jordan" versus "Pope John Paul" for just milliseconds, they subsequently rated their own athletic abilities lower after the Jordan exposure. Our brains constantly make these comparisons without our awareness, explaining why feelings of inferiority or competitiveness can arise seemingly from nowhere. The brain's reward circuit processes both monetary rewards and relative status using the same neural pathways. James Olds and Peter Milner's classic experiments with rats showed that direct stimulation of these reward centers was so compelling that rats would forego food and water, even cross electrified floors, to press a button that delivered this stimulation. For humans, proving ourselves better than others-even in trivial card games with no prizes-triggers similar reward responses, making status competition nearly impossible to resist.

第4章

When Inequality Breeds Risky Choices

The chapter explores how inequality creates a social whiplash effect in places like Durham, North Carolina, where extreme wealth and poverty exist mere blocks apart. Despite having a slightly higher average income than Columbus, Durham experiences higher crime rates and struggling schools because of its greater economic inequality. This stark contrast becomes visible when a local police officer warns about safety even in neighborhoods near his own restored historic home. From a psychological perspective, poverty and inequality are deeply intertwined. We perceive our wealth by comparison to context, with relentless social comparing meaning that "when the rich get richer, everyone else feels poorer." This explains why high-inequality places, where luxury and desolation exist side by side, somehow increase squalor in everyone's lives. Consider Jason from rural Kentucky, whose life trajectory moved from tobacco farming to auto body work to methamphetamine production after his business failed, ultimately landing him in prison. Similarly, Chicago drug dealers studied by sociologist Sudhir Venkatesh earned only minimum wage despite extreme risks. The gang's philosophy emphasized taking immediate rewards because "nothing can be predicted." When explaining such behaviors, people typically default to either character flaws or environmental factors. Both miss the larger point-human nature prepares us to respond differently to resource-rich versus resource-poor environments. Growing up poor often creates a "now-bias" and aversion to planning that seems self-defeating but makes sense in uncertain conditions. From an evolutionary perspective, organisms must balance energy between survival and reproduction. When times are good and the future seems secure, the "slow strategy" prevails-waiting to have children until fully prepared to support them well. But in harsh, uncertain environments, a "fast strategy" becomes advantageous-reproducing early and often because survival isn't guaranteed. This isn't conscious calculation but rather evolutionary adaptation. Our ancestors who successfully toggled between fast strategies in hard times and slow strategies in good ones left more descendants. Biologists have confirmed this pattern across species, including fruit flies experimentally subjected to high mortality rates, which began reproducing earlier than their safe-group counterparts. In humans, women in Chicago's poorer neighborhoods gave birth earlier than those in affluent areas, with age at first birth correlating almost perfectly with neighborhood life expectancy. Girls raised in poor, dangerous environments not only choose to have children sooner but actually reach puberty earlier-a biological adaptation to environmental uncertainty. These effects extend beyond reproduction to financial decision-making, with people feeling relatively poor becoming more present-focused and risk-taking. Cartar's bumblebee research reveals a natural gambling experiment: seablush flowers offer low-risk, low-reward with consistent modest nectar, while dwarf huckleberry provides high-risk, high-reward with some flowers containing jackpots and others none. When Cartar manipulated bee colonies by stealing nectar from some and giving it to others, the results were striking-well-fed bees played it safe with seablush, while desperate bees gambled on huckleberry. This "nothing to lose theory" extends to humans. When facing desperate needs like owing rent money, people often choose riskier options with lower probability but higher potential payoffs. In laboratory experiments, participants merely informed about high inequality took greater gambling risks than those told about equal outcomes. Google search data confirms this pattern-states with higher income inequality show more searches related to risky financial decisions, sexual behavior, and substance use.

『格差の心理学』をもっと深く楽しむ

毎日の新しい気づきを10万件以上のレッスンから
言葉をハイライトして音声と同期
ライブラリを保存して、どの端末からでも利用

第5章

How Inequality Divides Our Politics

The chapter reveals how our political beliefs are fundamentally shaped by relative economic position rather than absolute wealth. As inequality increases, political polarization intensifies in ways that threaten democratic discourse. Laboratory experiments conducted across multiple universities show that participants who feel superior in status not only strongly oppose redistribution policies but also view those who disagree as fundamentally incompetent, irrational, and unworthy of equal voting rights. When subjects were led to believe their earnings were superior through merit, they voted overwhelmingly to reject or discount the votes of those who disagreed with them, while those who felt economically inferior consistently wanted everyone's vote to count equally, regardless of economic status. Political scientist Nolan McCarty's groundbreaking research demonstrates that polarization and inequality have followed strikingly similar trajectories since 1947. Both metrics remained relatively low through the prosperous post-war decades of the 1950s and 1960s, when strong labor unions and progressive taxation helped maintain a robust middle class. However, they began rising in tandem in the mid-1970s as union power declined, tax policies shifted, and globalization accelerated. The correlation between inequality and polarization has remained remarkably consistent ever since, with both reaching historic highs in recent years. As economic worlds diverge, political divisions intensify in multiple dimensions. People increasingly view political opponents not as well-meaning individuals with different approaches to shared problems, but as fundamental enemies of their values and way of life. Extensive polling data shows that Americans holding "very unfavorable" opinions of the opposing party have steadily increased over three decades, with particularly sharp rises during economic downturns. By 2014, about a third of respondents considered members of the opposite party a direct threat to national well-being, up from just 15% in 1994. Even more troubling, significant percentages reported they would be "very upset" if their children married someone from the opposing party - 50% of Republicans and 30% of Democrats expressed this view. These tribal divisions extend beyond politics into social relationships, with Americans increasingly living, working, and socializing in politically homogeneous bubbles. These trends pose serious dangers to democratic stability because when political opponents become perceived enemies, people begin to justify extreme responses and abandon democratic norms. The common refrain becomes: "How can you expect to reason with idiots and maniacs?" This dehumanization of political opponents correlates strongly with support for anti-democratic measures and political violence. Research shows that economic inequality fuels this cycle by increasing status anxiety and social distance between groups, making it harder for citizens to see common ground or empathize with those holding different views.

第6章

The Deadly Impact of Status on Health

The relationship between wealth and health is striking but complex. While poverty in developing nations clearly impacts mortality through lack of basic necessities, the pattern within developed countries reveals something more nuanced. In America's poorest zip codes, death rates nearly double compared to the richest areas. A British Civil Service study shows mortality increasing with each step down the occupational ladder, even among the relatively privileged. Most revealing is the difference between countries versus within countries. Between nations, the curve relating income to lifespan bends-very rich countries cease having life expectancy advantages over moderately wealthy ones. But within wealthy nations, the relationship remains linear, with no flattening after basic needs are met. Nancy Adler's research demonstrates that subjective status-where people place themselves on the Status Ladder-predicts health better than actual income or education. This suggests relative position matters more than absolute wealth for health outcomes in developed societies. Indeed, across developed nations, those with greater income equality show longer life expectancies, even controlling for average income. The same pattern appears across American states. The pathways connecting inequality to health involve specific conditions like heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity-related problems, often stemming from behaviors like smoking, poor diet, and limited exercise that become more prevalent in high-inequality environments. A striking exception emerged in the 2010s: death rates for middle-aged white Americans, particularly those without college degrees, have been rising since the 1990s while declining for all other groups. These deaths come primarily from "deaths of despair"-cirrhosis, suicide, and painkiller overdoses-reflecting violated expectations among a group historically privileged but now facing stagnant mobility. The stress response explains much of inequality's physical toll. This system prepares the body for crisis by flooding it with hormones like adrenaline and cortisol that redirect resources from long-term maintenance to immediate survival. While brilliant for short-term threats, chronic activation of this system-common under conditions of low status and inequality-damages the cardiovascular system, disrupts metabolism, and triggers harmful inflammation. Robert Sapolsky's studies of baboons in Kenya revealed that lower-ranking animals had higher stress hormone levels and more stress-related illnesses like ulcers. When tuberculosis killed off the most dominant males in one troop, creating a flatter hierarchy, the subordinate males showed decreased stress hormones. Laboratory studies with monkeys confirmed that rank causes stress, not vice versa-when dominant animals were removed, "middle management" monkeys showed immediate stress reduction. In humans, studies consistently show that people with lower incomes have higher levels of stress hormones and inflammation. This biological crisis management-prioritizing immediate needs at the expense of long-term health-makes evolutionary sense but ultimately accelerates aging and disease.

聴きながら、すべての言葉を目で追えます

『格差の心理学』の一語一語が音声に合わせてリアルタイムでハイライトされ、自然に読み進められます。

第7章

Finding Meaning in an Unequal World

Our minds constantly seek patterns in randomness-from seeing religious figures in food to filling in blind spots in our vision. This pattern-seeking tendency is fundamental to human perception, making it difficult to recognize true randomness. We perceive sequential lottery numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6) as less random than scattered ones (43,7,17,38,9,24), though both are equally probable. This phenomenon, known as apophenia, extends beyond numbers to everyday experiences, like finding shapes in clouds or hearing hidden messages in songs played backwards. This need for pattern becomes stronger when we feel powerless. Experiments show that people made to feel helpless are three times more likely to see images in random static. Similarly, social disconnection leads people to anthropomorphize objects and believe in supernatural entities. Studies demonstrate that individuals experiencing social exclusion are more likely to name their cars, talk to their plants, or attribute human-like qualities to household appliances. During periods of uncertainty, like economic downturns or natural disasters, reports of paranormal experiences typically increase. About half of Americans believe in some conspiracy theory-from government cover-ups to secret cabals controlling world events. These theories flourish among those who feel powerless against those in power, with belief patterns shifting based on which political party governs. Distrust is so powerful that people can simultaneously believe contradictory conspiracy theories. For instance, studies show individuals may believe Princess Diana was both murdered and faked her own death, or that Osama bin Laden was both already dead and still alive when U.S. forces raided his compound. We also maintain belief in a just world by distorting our perceptions. In experiments, observers derogated victims of unfair treatment rather than question the fairness of the world. For example, when shown videos of individuals receiving electric shocks, participants rated victims who stoically endured pain as more virtuous than those who showed distress. Similarly, people randomly assigned higher pay rates rated themselves as superior workers, while those paid less agreed with this assessment, demonstrating how quickly we internalize and justify inequality. Religious belief offers the ultimate psychological comfort-a benevolent, all-powerful being controlling the universe. Studies confirm that when people feel helpless or perceive the world as chaotic, they develop stronger convictions in a controlling God. Natural disasters, economic crises, and personal hardships often correlate with increased church attendance and prayer frequency. Contrary to theological expectations, suffering correlates with increased religious faith across U.S. states-the more people suffer, the stronger their belief in God becomes. The relationship between economic development and religiosity follows a clear pattern globally-wealthier countries tend to be less religious than poorer ones. However, the United States stands as a notable exception, being both wealthy and highly religious. Research reveals that income inequality, not just average income, explains this anomaly-highly unequal countries remain more religious regardless of wealth. This pattern holds true across different cultures and continents, suggesting that economic insecurity and social inequality drive religious conviction more than absolute poverty or wealth. Countries with strong social safety nets and lower inequality, like those in Scandinavia, consistently show lower levels of religious adherence.

第8章

The Tangled Web of Race and Class

My first encounter with race came as a small child in a Kentucky grocery store when my mother quickly covered my mouth before I could finish a sentence about a tall African American man-her reflexives revealing societal anxieties about race. Children mirror the prejudices of their society, raising uncomfortable questions about our culture. While racial and economic inequalities are distinct issues, they increasingly intersect as income inequality rises while racial inequality slowly diminishes. America's history with racial discrimination spans from slavery's beginning in 1619 through Jim Crow laws, with legal racial oppression ending only a half-century ago-less than a single lifetime from segregated schools and water fountains. Polling shows Americans expressing overtly racist views have declined to single digits, but perceptions about discrimination differ dramatically by race. White Americans believe anti-white discrimination has steadily increased while anti-black discrimination has sharply declined-viewing discrimination as a zero-sum game where by the 2000s, they judged discrimination against whites as more prevalent than against blacks. The economic data contradicts this perception. The income gap between white and black families has remained virtually unchanged since the 1960s, with black families earning only 59 percent of what white families earned in 2011, barely improved from 55 percent in 1967. Despite narrowing gaps in educational attainment, these improvements haven't translated to closing income disparities. This bias extends to life-or-death decisions. Florida inmates who appear "blacker" receive sentences 7-8 months longer for identical crimes, regardless of their actual race. In Pennsylvania, defendants who looked blacker were more likely to receive death sentences when the victim was white. Police shootings of unarmed black men demonstrate how split-second decisions rely on cultural expectations, where reaching for a wallet can be misinterpreted as reaching for a gun. Economic status and prejudice are deeply interrelated. Studies dating back to 1940 found that when cotton prices fell in the South, lynchings of black people increased. Modern research confirms economic anxieties fuel racial conflict. Analysis of police shootings found unarmed black men were 3.5 times more likely to be shot than unarmed whites overall, with even higher disparities in counties with greater income inequality.

『格差の心理学』をもっと深く楽しむ

毎日の新しい気づきを10万件以上のレッスンから
言葉をハイライトして音声と同期
ライブラリを保存して、どの端末からでも利用

第9章

Creating a More Balanced Ladder

Successfully managing social comparison requires balancing upward and downward comparisons. Downward comparisons aren't just about schadenfreude-they can foster gratitude when we recognize our circumstances could be worse. Upward comparisons can motivate us, but only if our targets are realistic. The key is comparing with lucidity-using both upward and downward comparisons to create brackets around our experience, acknowledging things could be better while recognizing they could be worse. Where we live profoundly impacts our lives. Though 40% of Americans never leave their hometowns and another 20% stay within their home state, those who move for economic opportunity typically earn higher incomes. Moving from high-poverty neighborhoods yields remarkable benefits-children are more likely to attend college, less likely to become single parents, and earn 31% more by their mid-twenties. Even those in the top 20% should care about inequality. High inequality correlates with increased crime, stress-related illness, and political polarization, degrading quality of life for everyone. It also accelerates the social comparison treadmill-in high-inequality states, Google searches for luxury goods spike, though such purchases don't increase well-being. Some entrepreneurs are addressing inequality directly. CEO Dan Price increased his company's minimum salary to $70,000 while reducing his own from $1 million, based on research showing income benefits level off above that threshold. Though some executives quit, employee retention improved and the business thrived. Perhaps most powerful is reconnecting with our core values. When people write about personally important values, they become less concerned with status symbols, show reduced physiological stress when evaluated by others, and demonstrate greater willingness to delay gratification. In educational settings, brief values-affirmation exercises reduced the achievement gap between black and white students by 40%, with benefits lasting years. These surprisingly effective interventions require only a few minutes of attention and a perspective shift-from unconsciously measuring our worth against others to consciously considering what genuinely matters to us. The developing science of inequality has illuminated how human nature is deeply interwoven with the Status Ladder. Understanding the behavioral science of inequality can help us live more gracefully in this vertical world until we can reshape the ladder itself.

★★★★★

『格差の心理学』を最後まで読み終えました

100万人以上の学習者に愛用されています

“23日間、毎日使い続けています。今では日課の一部です。”

jayallen

『格差の心理学』の主要テーマ

relative deprivation
status anxiety
subjective social standing
psychology of inequality
social comparison theory

『格差の心理学』の名言

Even standing still feels like falling behind.
Feeling poor subtracts years from your life.
We constantly compare ourselves to others.
Our perception of reality is fundamentally relative.

『格差の心理学』の登場人物

Keith PayneAuthor and psychologist sharing personal narrative
Michael NortonResearcher studying perceptions of inequality
John RawlsPhilosopher known for the 'veil of ignorance'
Brian WansinkResearcher who conducted soup bowl experiments

著者について

『The Broken Ladder: How Inequality Affects the Way We Think, Live, and Die』（邦題：格差の心理学）の著者であるキース・ペインは、経済的・社会的格差が心理に与える影響を研究する、画期的な研究で知られる著名な心理学者・神経科学者です。

ノースカロライナ大学チャペルヒル校の教授を務めるペインは、社会心理学の博士号と国立衛生研究所（NIH）などの機関との共同研究に基づき、数十年にわたる学術的な厳密さと現実世界への関連性を融合させています。

彼の研究は『ニューヨーク・タイムズ』やNPRなどのメディアで頻繁に引用されており、連邦政府機関のアドバイザーとしての役割や議会での証言を通じて、行動科学と公共政策の橋渡しをしています。

格差に関するペインの洞察をまとめた『The Broken Ladder』は、社会心理学における金字塔となっており、システム上の不平等がいかに意思決定や健康状態を形作るかについての明快な分析が高く評価されています。彼は100本以上の学術論文と17冊の著書を執筆しており、その研究は『Psychological Science』や『米国科学アカデミー紀要（PNAS）』にも掲載されています。

国防総省の殊勲公務員賞（Distinguished Public Service Medal）の受賞者でもあるペインの専門知識は、世界中の公平性と機会に関する議論に影響を与え続けています。

格差の心理学の要約をダウンロード

格差の心理学の要約をPDFまたはEPUBで無料でダウンロード。印刷やオフラインでいつでもお読みいただけます。

他のユーザーのお気に入り

Danny Dorling

Richard G. Wilkinson

Lyn Alden

Jason Hickel

Richard Layard

Jonathan Aldred

Walter Scheidel

The Geometry of Wealth

Brian Portnoy

この本に関するよくある質問

この学習プランの一部

学習プラン

learn about public health

4 h 45 m•4 エピソード

学習プラン

The Laws of Human Nature

In an era of constant social interaction, understanding the hidden forces that drive human behavior is a vital competitive advantage. This plan is designed for leaders, negotiators, and anyone seeking to improve their interpersonal dynamics and self-mastery.

1 h 30 m•3 セクション

学習プラン

From Paycheck to Prosperity

Financial stress often stems from a lack of systems rather than a lack of income. This plan is ideal for professionals and individuals looking to break the cycle of monthly drain by building a sustainable, habit-based foundation for wealth.

2 h•4 セクション

学習プラン

The High-Performer’s Blueprint for Healing

This blueprint is designed for ambitious men and high-achievers who feel hindered by internal stress and past cycles. It provides a strategic bridge between emotional healing and professional peak performance, making it essential for leaders who want to excel at home and in the boardroom.

2 h•4 セクション

学習プラン

The Dark Mechanics of Meaning

This plan provides a provocative look at the biological and psychological traps of the human search for significance. It is ideal for students of philosophy, psychology, or anyone seeking to build mental fortitude by confronting the reality of an indifferent universe.

2 h•4 セクション

学習プラン

Financial Independence & 48 Laws of Power

This plan bridges the gap between wealth accumulation and the strategic influence required to protect and grow it. It is ideal for ambitious professionals and entrepreneurs who want to master both the mechanics of money and the psychology of power.

3 h 31 m•4 セクション

学習プラン

Improve money mindset

Your relationship with money is shaped by deep-seated beliefs formed throughout your life, and these unconscious patterns often sabotage your financial success. This learning plan is ideal for anyone who feels stuck in their financial growth, struggles with money anxiety, or wants to break free from cycles of scarcity thinking to build lasting wealth and confidence.

4 h 19 m•4 セクション

学習プラン

Progressive insights on psychology & finance

The intersection of psychology and finance reveals how our minds influence our financial decisions, often in ways we don't recognize. This learning plan helps anyone seeking to improve their financial outcomes by understanding the psychological patterns behind money behaviors, making it especially valuable for investors, financial planners, and individuals looking to improve their relationship with money.

4 h 44 m•4 セクション

学習プラン

Power, Money, and Daily Life

This learning plan is essential for anyone seeking to understand the invisible forces of governance and economics that shape our world. It is designed for curious minds and aspiring policy thinkers who want to move beyond headlines to grasp how power and capital actually function.

2 h•4 セクション

コロンビア大学卒業生がサンフランシスコで開発

LOVED BY

1,000,000+ curious minds.

4.7

avg rating

1M+ learners

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

BeFreedがウェブ上でどのように話題になっているかをもっと見る

コロンビア大学卒業生がサンフランシスコで開発

LOVED BY

1,000,000+ curious minds.

4.7

avg rating

1M+ learners

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

"Instead of endless scrolling, I just hit play on BeFreed. It saves me so much time."

@Moemenn

"I never knew where to start with nonfiction—BeFreed’s book lists turned into podcasts gave me a clear path."

@Chloe, Solo founder, LA

117

"Perfect balance between learning and entertainment. Finished ‘Thinking, Fast and Slow’ on my commute this week."

@Raaaaaachelw

"Crazy how much I learned while walking the dog. BeFreed = small habits → big gains."

@Matt, YC alum

108

"Reading used to feel like a chore. Now it’s just part of my lifestyle."

@Erin, Investment Banking Associate , NYC

254

"Feels effortless compared to reading. I’ve finished 6 books this month already."

@djmikemoore

"BeFreed turned my guilty doomscrolling into something that feels productive and inspiring."

@Pitiful

4.5K

"BeFreed turned my commute into learning time. 20-min podcasts are perfect for finishing books I never had time for."

@SofiaP

"BeFreed replaced my podcast queue. Imagine Spotify for books — that’s it. 🙌"

@Jaded_Falcon

201

"It is great for me to learn something from the book without reading it."

@OojasSalunke

"The themed book list podcasts help me connect ideas across authors—like a guided audio journey."

@Leo, Law Student, UPenn

483

"Makes me feel smarter every time before going to work"

@Cashflowbubu

BeFreedがウェブ上でどのように話題になっているかをもっと見る

今すぐ学習の旅を始めよう

第4章

格差の心理学

概要『格差の心理学』の概要

1冊の本。さまざまな聴き方。

The Invisible Force That Shapes Our Lives

The Moment We Discover Where We Stand

聴きながら、すべての言葉を目で追えます

The Relativity of Everything We Experience

When Inequality Breeds Risky Choices

『格差の心理学』をもっと深く楽しむ

How Inequality Divides Our Politics

The Deadly Impact of Status on Health

聴きながら、すべての言葉を目で追えます

Finding Meaning in an Unequal World

The Tangled Web of Race and Class

『格差の心理学』をもっと深く楽しむ

Creating a More Balanced Ladder

『格差の心理学』を最後まで読み終えました

『格差の心理学』の主要テーマ

『格差の心理学』の名言

『格差の心理学』の登場人物

著者について

格差の心理学の要約をダウンロード

他のユーザーのお気に入り

この本に関するよくある質問

What is The Broken Ladder by Keith Payne about?

Who should read The Broken Ladder?

Is The Broken Ladder worth reading?

What does the "broken ladder" metaphor mean?

この学習プランの一部

learn about public health

もっと見る

1,000,000+ curious minds.

1,000,000+ curious minds.

1冊の本。さまざまな聴き方。

The Invisible Force That Shapes Our Lives

The Moment We Discover Where We Stand

聴きながら、すべての言葉を目で追えます

The Relativity of Everything We Experience

When Inequality Breeds Risky Choices

『格差の心理学』をもっと深く楽しむ

How Inequality Divides Our Politics

The Deadly Impact of Status on Health

聴きながら、すべての言葉を目で追えます

Finding Meaning in an Unequal World

The Tangled Web of Race and Class

『格差の心理学』をもっと深く楽しむ

Creating a More Balanced Ladder

『格差の心理学』を最後まで読み終えました

他のユーザーのお気に入り

この学習プランの一部

learn about public health

もっと見る

『格差の心理学』の概要