
In Hobbes' 1651 masterpiece "Leviathan," written during civil war exile, he controversially argues that humans require absolute authority to avoid chaos. This revolutionary social contract theory - featuring that iconic frontispiece of a sovereign made from citizens' bodies - still shapes modern political thought centuries later.
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What happens when no one's in charge? In 1651, Thomas Hobbes watched England tear itself apart in civil war and arrived at a chilling conclusion: without a powerful authority to keep us in check, human life descends into hell. Not metaphorical hell-actual, measurable misery where trust is impossible, cooperation is suicidal, and every person becomes a potential threat. His answer was the Leviathan, a biblical sea monster he reimagined as the all-powerful state. The idea sounds terrifying until you understand what Hobbes believed we're escaping from. Here's the radical part: Hobbes claimed we're all fundamentally equal. Not in talent or virtue, but in our capacity to harm each other. The weakest person can kill the strongest through cunning or alliance. This equality breeds constant conflict. We compete for resources, attack preemptively out of fear, and fight over reputation. Without someone powerful enough to stop us, we exist in perpetual war-not constant battle, but constant readiness for it. Life becomes "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." No farming, no building, no art, no society. Most crucially, no concepts of right and wrong, because morality requires authority to enforce it. Think of international relations today, where no world government exists-nations maintain armies, form alliances, and eye each other suspiciously, much like Hobbes described individuals in nature.
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Cree par des anciens de Columbia University a San Francisco
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Cree par des anciens de Columbia University a San Francisco

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