Bestes Zitat aus La chute du mur de Berlin : un bug historique
La chute du Mur a ouvert les portes, mais elle a aussi montré que construire une société commune, ça prend beaucoup plus de temps que de démolir du béton avec des pioches.
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La chute du mur de Berlin
Häufig gestellte Fragen
Le 9 novembre 1989, le porte-parole Günter Schabowski a annoncé en direct à la télévision que les voyages vers l'Ouest étaient autorisés "immédiatement" (unverzüglich). En réalité, il s'agissait d'une erreur administrative car il n'avait pas lu les consignes précisant que cette mesure nécessitait des visas et ne devait entrer en vigueur que le lendemain matin. Cette annonce a poussé des milliers de Berlinois de l'Est vers les points de passage, prenant les gardes-frontières totalement au dépourvu.
Face à une foule immense qui hurlait "Ouvrez la porte !", les soldats se sont retrouvés isolés sans instructions claires de leur hiérarchie, le Politbüro étant alors en cellule de crise. À 23h30, l'officier Harald Jäger, en poste au point de passage de la Bornholmer Straße, a pris la décision historique d'ouvrir les barrières sans contrôler personne pour éviter un bain de sang. Ce premier verrou sauté a entraîné l'ouverture de tous les autres points de passage de la ville.
La chute du Mur a été rendue possible par le changement de doctrine à Moscou. Avec la Glasnost et la Perestroïka, Gorbatchev a fait comprendre aux dirigeants d'Europe de l'Est que l'URSS n'enverrait plus de chars pour réprimer les manifestations populaires. Privé du soutien militaire du "grand frère" soviétique, le régime est-allemand a perdu sa capacité à maintenir l'ordre par la force face aux grandes manifestations pacifiques comme celles de Leipzig.
La réunification a été un choc brutal pour l'économie de l'ex-RDA. L'adoption rapide du Deutsche Mark en juillet 1990 a rendu les produits de l'Est trop chers, provoquant une chute de 70 % de la production industrielle en deux ans. L'organisme chargé des privatisations, la Treuhandanstalt, a fermé de nombreuses usines, faisant passer le chômage de presque zéro à 1,4 million de personnes. Ce traumatisme économique a créé un sentiment d'"absorption" de l'Est par l'Ouest plutôt qu'une fusion entre égaux.
Bien que le 9 novembre soit la date de la chute du Mur, l'Allemagne a choisi le 3 octobre (jour de la réunification officielle en 1990) comme fête nationale. Le 9 novembre est une date chargée de "fantômes sombres" dans l'histoire allemande, car elle correspond également à l'anniversaire de la Nuit de Cristal en 1938 et au putsch de la Brasserie de Hitler en 1923.
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