What is *The Pope at War* by David I. Kertzer about?

*The Pope at War* examines Pope Pius XII’s controversial neutrality during World War II, drawing on newly opened Vatican archives. It details his diplomatic maneuvers with Mussolini’s Fascist regime and Hitler’s Nazi Germany, highlighting his silence on the Holocaust and prioritization of the Catholic Church’s political survival over moral leadership.

Who should read *The Pope at War* by David I. Kertzer?

This book is essential for WWII historians, scholars of Vatican diplomacy, and readers interested in the ethical complexities of religious institutions during crises. It also appeals to those exploring the intersection of politics and morality in 20th-century Europe.

Is *The Pope at War* by David I. Kertzer worth reading?

Yes. Kertzer, a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian, combines rigorous archival research with narrative urgency to reveal Pius XII’s calculated silence during Nazi atrocities. The book offers a sobering critique of neutrality in the face of genocide and reshapes understandings of Vatican wartime complicity.

What archival discoveries does Kertzer highlight in *The Pope at War*?

Kertzer reveals secret communications between Pius XII and Nazi officials, including peace negotiation attempts with Hitler. The archives expose the Pope’s awareness of concentration camps and his strategic avoidance of public condemnation to protect Vatican interests.

How does *The Pope at War* critique Pius XII’s response to the Holocaust?

The book argues Pius XII prioritized diplomatic relations with Axis powers over protesting mass Jewish extermination. Despite receiving detailed reports on Nazi atrocities, his public neutrality and private negotiations with Hitler’s envoys failed to leverage Vatican influence to save lives.

What role did Mussolini play in *The Pope at War*?

Mussolini emerges as a key collaborator, leveraging Italy’s alliance with Nazi Germany to pressure the Vatican. Kertzer details how Pius XII accommodated Mussolini’s regime, mirroring his earlier appeasement of Hitler, to maintain Church stability.

How does *The Pope at War* compare to Kertzer’s earlier work *The Pope and Mussolini*?

While *The Pope and Mussolini* explores Pius XI’s complex ties to Italian Fascism, *The Pope at War* expands this analysis to WWII, using newly available archives to deepen scrutiny of Vatican realpolitik and Pius XII’s moral failures.

What criticisms has *The Pope at War* received?

Some scholars argue Kertzer underplays broader geopolitical pressures on the Vatican and could engage more with existing historiography. However, most praise its archival rigor and compelling narrative of institutional complicity.

《战时教皇》摘要

庇护十二世、墨索里尼与希特勒的秘密历史

大卫·I. 柯泽

《战时教皇》摘要概述

普利策奖获奖作品《战争中的教皇》（The Pope at War）通过最新公开的档案揭示了梵蒂冈的秘密，揭露了教皇庇护十二世如何处理与希特勒和墨索里尼的关系。在人类最黑暗的时刻，教会做出了怎样的道德妥协？为什么宗教教义学者至今仍在对此争论不休？

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第 1 章

When the Vatican Chose Silence: The Pope Who Faced Hitler's War

In the shadow of St. Peter's Basilica, a frail man in white carried the weight of the Catholic world on his shoulders as Europe descended into darkness. Pope Pius XII-born Eugenio Pacelli-ascended to the papacy in March 1939, just months before Hitler's armies marched into Poland. His papacy would become one of the most controversial in Church history, marked by calculated diplomatic maneuvering, moral compromise, and haunting silence in the face of genocide. David I. Kertzer's meticulously researched "The Pope at War" draws on newly opened Vatican archives to present a nuanced portrait of a pontiff caught between competing loyalties: to the Church's institutional survival, to his native Italy under Mussolini's Fascism, and to the millions suffering under Nazi occupation. The book has garnered widespread acclaim, with The New York Times calling it "a damning account" that "dismantles the myth of a wise and heroic pope." Kertzer, who previously won the Pulitzer Prize for "The Pope and Mussolini," brings scholarly rigor and narrative power to this examination of moral failure at civilization's darkest hour. As we explore this complex history, we confront uncomfortable questions about institutional self-preservation versus moral courage-questions that resonate far beyond Vatican walls and continue to challenge religious and secular leaders alike in times of crisis.

第 2 章

The Diplomatic Pope: Eugenio Pacelli's Rise to Power

Eugenio Pacelli was the perfect Vatican diplomat-meticulous, multilingual, and masterfully discreet. Unlike his predecessor Pius XI, who was known for blunt pronouncements and emotional outbursts, Pacelli embodied careful calculation. He had never served as a parish priest, instead rising through diplomatic ranks, including twelve years as papal nuncio in Germany where he witnessed the early rise of Nazism. As Vatican Secretary of State under Pius XI, he had negotiated the 1929 Lateran Accords with Mussolini's regime, which established Vatican City as a sovereign state and secured Catholicism's privileged position in Italian society. When Pius XI died in February 1939, Mussolini greeted the news with undisguised relief, telling his son, "At long last he's gone! That stubborn old man is dead." The timing was fortuitous for the Duce, as the pope had been preparing to deliver an address condemning Fascism. Cardinal Pacelli quickly ordered all copies of this speech destroyed, ensuring that "not a comma" of his predecessor's dying message would survive. The conclave that followed revealed the geopolitical stakes of papal succession. Both Italian and German diplomats lobbied for Pacelli's election, seeing him as more accommodating than his predecessor. The German ambassador reported that Pacelli hoped to restore harmonious relations with the Third Reich. While non-Italian cardinals largely supported Pacelli, many Italian cardinals harbored doubts about his "weakness of character." On March 1, 1939, after three ballots, Pacelli received the necessary two-thirds majority. Taking the name Pius XII, he appeared on the loggia of St. Peter's as tens of thousands knelt to receive his blessing. Mussolini's ambassador reported with satisfaction that the new pontiff had made clear his views "did not entirely correspond with the direction taken by the former pontiff." Pius XII was a man of precision who lived by strict routine. Rising at 6:15 a.m. despite often retiring after 1 a.m., he began each day by listening to foreign radio broadcasts. After morning prayers and Mass, he took breakfast alone while reviewing dispatches. His workday included meetings with the Secretary of State and formal audiences where visitors dressed in prescribed attire knelt as he passed. The pope ate modest meals alone while his uncaged birds, particularly his favorite white canary Gretchen, kept him company. His afternoon included a brief rest followed by a brisk hour-long walk in the Vatican Gardens. Unlike his predecessor, he embraced modern technology, using the telephone and typing on an American-made typewriter.

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第 3 章

Secret Channels: The Pope's Hidden Negotiations with Hitler

Just two days after his election, Pius XII summoned the German ambassador to the Vatican. Hitler had sent a congratulatory telegram, which the Italian Catholic press eagerly interpreted as a sign the Fuhrer wanted improved relations with the new pope. Eager to dispel any impression he might be prejudiced against Germany's government, the pope quoted from his previous speech: "It is not the business of the Church to take sides in purely temporal affairs." The next day, Pius XII wrote directly to Hitler expressing his hope to restore harmonious relations between church and state in the German Reich. Simultaneously, he instructed the Vatican newspaper to cease all criticism of the German government, signaling the dawn of a new era in Vatican-Third Reich relations. What remained hidden until the recent opening of Vatican archives was a secret back-channel between Hitler and the pope. In mid-April 1939, barely a month after Pacelli became pope, Hitler summoned Prince Philipp von Hessen to initiate secret negotiations. The thirty-six-year-old aristocrat, whose grandfather was German Emperor Frederick III and whose great-grandmother was Queen Victoria, provided Hitler with a valuable private conduit through his marriage to Princess Mafalda, daughter of Italy's King Victor Emmanuel. On May 11, von Hessen met with Pope Pius XII in Cardinal Maglione's apartment-an unusual venue chosen to ensure secrecy. During their German-language conversation, the pope expressed willingness to compromise while citing concerns about closed Catholic schools and anti-church publications in Germany. "I am certain that if peace between church and state is restored, everyone will be pleased," the pope assured. "The German people are united in their love for the Fatherland. Once we have peace, the Catholics will be loyal, more than anyone else." During their meeting, von Hessen raised the issue of "morality trials" of German priests accused of sexual crimes. The pope acknowledged such "errors happen everywhere" and insisted the Church acted "immediately" and "severely" when informed. Vatican archives reveal that under Pacelli's previous direction as Cardinal Secretary of State, orders had been given to "burn all archival material concerning cases of immorality of monks and priests" in Austria during a police investigation. Throughout summer 1939, as Hitler prepared to invade Poland, he continued using von Hessen as a channel to the pope. On August 26, less than a week before the invasion, von Hessen met the pope at Castel Gandolfo. He conveyed Hitler's "most fervent desire" to restore peace with the church, identifying two main obstacles: the "racial question" (which Hitler thought could be "avoided" if the pope maintained silence) and the clergy's alleged political activities in Germany. The pope promised absolute secrecy, stating "the secretum is sacred to us."

第 4 章

War Clouds: The Pope's Failed Peace Initiative

As Europe edged toward war in spring 1939, Pius XII attempted to position himself as a peacemaker. In May, he proposed a five-power peace conference involving Germany, Italy, France, Britain, and Poland. The pope's initiative triggered frantic diplomatic exchanges between London and Paris, with French ministers suspecting coordination between the pope and Mussolini to advance Italian territorial demands. Despite what Mussolini had told the papal emissary, when German Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop met with Italian Foreign Minister Ciano in Milan, they agreed to thank the pope but ask him to abandon his peace conference effort. Germany's official rejection came days later, with State Secretary Ernst von Weizsacker telling the nuncio that prospects for success were insufficient. Pius XII's eagerness for a visible role in world affairs made Mussolini uneasy. The Duce believed the pope should confine himself to supporting the Fascist regime rather than growing his own stature, as Italy had room for only one heroic figure. Mussolini's irritation grew when the pope announced plans to process formally to the Basilica of St. John in Lateran. Unlike his predecessor who had made the same journey in a closed car at speed, Pius XII traveled in a slow-moving open car to cheering crowds. When Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, the pope was horrified by Poland's devastation but resisted mounting pressure to condemn the Nazi invasion. When the French ambassador asked Cardinal Maglione if the pope would speak out, the cardinal replied that it wasn't the pope's style, preferring to "let the facts speak for themselves." Poland's ambassador received only the promise that the pope would have Poland in his prayers. The pope repeatedly declined to meet with Polish representatives or speak out against the invasion, explaining to the French ambassador that he feared reprisals against the forty million Catholics in the Reich. Cardinal Tisserant, the Curia's lone non-Italian and outspoken anti-Fascist, sent an impassioned plea when Soviet troops joined in dismembering Poland: "Will the Holy See not protest?" Still the pope remained silent, disappointing even Poland's cardinal primate during a meeting at Castel Gandolfo.

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第 5 章

The Jewish Question: Selective Advocacy and Moral Compromise

For Italy's Jews, daily life had become an endless series of humiliations under Mussolini's racial laws, from being barred from beach resorts to having their children expelled from public schools. With many professionals fired from their jobs, families struggled to afford food. Some children sold cigarette papers on the streets to help support their families. Mussolini had worried about Church opposition to his racial campaign, but found Pius XII much less troublesome than his predecessor. The Vatican newspaper reported increasingly oppressive racial laws without comment, while thousands of foreign Jews fleeing persecution were confined in concentration camps throughout Italy. The Vatican's approach to antisemitism was deeply problematic. The April 1939 issue of the Jesuit journal La Civilta Cattolica, whose content required Vatican approval, described Jews as "faithful imitators of all the emissaries of the anti-Church" and branded them "avaricious, lust-filled traitors and cowards." While Pius XII offered no public criticism of Mussolini's anti-Jewish campaign, he continued lobbying on behalf of Catholics who were formerly Jews or children of Jews. The Vatican argued these converts deserved the same rights as other Catholics, fearing they might otherwise regret their conversion. When the papal nuncio approached Guido Buffarini Guidi, Mussolini's ruthless undersecretary overseeing the anti-Jewish campaign, about relaxing restrictions on baptized Jews, Buffarini rebuffed him, claiming "the international Synagogue has stood against Italy." Throughout early 1942, Pius XII received detailed reports of Hitler's campaign to exterminate Europe's Jews from trusted churchmen. In January, Father Scavizzi returned from the eastern front with eyewitness accounts of mass killings approaching "about a million" Jews. He described groups being machine-gunned and thrown into mass graves, including a German officer who boasted of killing mothers and children with single shots. The pope told Scavizzi he had considered excommunicating those committing such atrocities but decided against it, believing it wouldn't stop the slaughter and might increase anger against Jews. When Scavizzi sent documentation requesting publication in L'Osservatore Romano, the pope judged it "inopportune," preferring not to alienate Mussolini or Hitler. The Vatican's primary concern remained focused on baptized Jews and children of mixed marriages rather than the broader Jewish persecution.

第 6 章

Mussolini's War: The Church Embraces the Fascist Cause

On June 10, 1940, Mussolini declared that the "hour marked by destiny" had arrived with "irrevocable decisions." Italy was entering "the battle against the plutocratic and reactionary democracies of the West" in a "struggle of the poor, numerous people against the exploiters." He promised victory would "finally give a long period of peace with justice to Italy, to Europe, to the world." The pope had refused to allow Rome's church bells to ring in celebration of the war declaration, insisting they would only sound by force. A week earlier, he had given a highly publicized but carefully neutral address, avoiding offense to either side of the conflict while using the same "peace with justice" phrase that Mussolini employed. Despite this initial restraint, Italy's Catholic hierarchy quickly rallied behind the war effort. Bishop Evasio Colli, national director of Italian Catholic Action, issued a patriotic message that received special attention: "In this grave, solemn hour in which the Fatherland calls upon all its children, the members of Italian Catholic Action respond with profound duty and generosity." The national president of Catholic Men similarly urged members to "leap to our feet and shout our 'Presente!'" Father Agostino Gemelli, founder of the Catholic University of Milan, called for all to "prepare for victory" and asked the Holy Virgin to guide Italy to triumph. As the war progressed, the Vatican became increasingly aligned with the Fascist regime. In early September 1940, Pius XII addressed two thousand Catholic Action leaders, stressing citizens' duty to their country. Quoting Romans 13:1, he urged "loyal and conscientious obedience to civil Authorities" and called on Catholics to be "perfect citizens" and "lovers of the fatherland, and ready to give their life for it" when necessary. When Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Vatican greeted this news with relief, seeing the attack on Communist Russia as transforming the war into a battle against Christianity's greatest foe. The Catholic press immediately framed the conflict as a crusade, with L'Avvenire d'Italia predicting "the Cross will once again appear atop the Kremlin's cupola." Italy's church hierarchy, encouraged by the Vatican, offered enthusiastic support, with Cardinal Piazza of Venice blessing troops departing for the Russian front and bishops throughout Italy characterizing the struggle as a "holy war."

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第 7 章

Rome's Darkest Hour: The Roundup of Rome's Jews

On October 16, 1943, German SS troops surrounded Rome's Jewish ghetto in the early morning darkness. Families were dragged from their beds, given twenty minutes to pack, and loaded onto trucks. By day's end, 1,259 Jews had been seized. The raid occurred just a few hundred yards from Vatican City, with some Jews taken from apartments with direct views of the Apostolic Palace. Pius XII learned of the roundup early that morning, including from Princess Enza Pignatelli who pushed past those trying to stop her to reach his private chapel. The pope, who had twice rushed to bombing sites to show solidarity with victims, now faced an excruciating test of his policy of not criticizing Nazi extermination of Jews. He summoned Cardinal Maglione to meet with German ambassador Weizsacker, who warned that papal protest might endanger the Vatican's carefully maintained neutrality. Maglione merely suggested the Holy See "would not want to be constrained to say a word of disapproval" and left it to the ambassador's judgment whether to even report their conversation. As Jews huddled near the Vatican, pleas for papal intervention flooded in. The Vatican's response focused almost exclusively on securing the release of baptized Jews and those married to Christians. Monsignor Montini obtained permission to send a staff member to the imprisonment site, who confirmed the captives had received nothing to eat or drink since capture. The Vatican hastily compiled lists of those deemed Catholic and gave them to the German ambassador. On Sunday, Germans reviewed identity documents and released baptized Jews and those married to Christians, not wanting to unduly provoke the Vatican. On Monday, October 18, the remaining 1,007 Jews, including 105 children under five, were loaded onto trucks and transported to Tiburtina station, where they were forced into eighteen windowless cattle cars. The train departed for Auschwitz, arriving October 23. There, Josef Mengele directed the elderly, children, and sick to the gas chambers, while 149 men and 47 women were sent to labor camps. Of more than one thousand Jews on the train, only sixteen would survive. Meanwhile, Pius XII met with British envoy Osborne, discussing food shortages and potential unrest, remarking he "had no grounds for complaint against General von Stahel and the German police who had hitherto respected neutrality." He made similar comments to American envoy Tittmann the next day, with neither diplomat mentioning the Jewish roundup in their reports.

第 8 章

The Fall of Fascism: The Pope's Delicate Balance

As Allied forces invaded Sicily in July 1943, Mussolini's personal life unraveled alongside his political power. On July 24, nervous Fascist leaders gathered at Palazzo Venezia for a Grand Council meeting that would ultimately vote to remove Mussolini from power. The following day, the king summoned Mussolini and had him arrested as he left their meeting. The Vatican newspaper announced Mussolini's "resignation" with minimal fanfare, also publishing Badoglio's disappointing message that "The war continues." The public response was jubilant-Fascist symbols were torn down, black shirts burned, and crowds celebrated in the streets. The Vatican showed concern for Mussolini's family, with Cardinal Maglione sending detailed lists of his extended family members to the Italian embassy, recommending no harm come to them. Meanwhile, Badoglio's government secretly negotiated with the Allies, leading to Italy's surrender on September 8, 1943. The king and government fled Rome, leaving the city to German occupation. The Vatican found itself in an increasingly precarious position. German troops occupied Rome, and the pope feared both Allied bombing and German reprisals. Despite these dangers, many Jews sought shelter in Catholic convents and monasteries after the October roundup. While some found refuge, others were turned away or told they must convert to be admitted. Though many Jews were hidden in religious buildings, there's no evidence the pope ever directed church institutions to take them in. As war approached its end in spring 1945, desperate German and Italian Fascist officials sought the pope's intervention. In January, German ambassador Rudolf Rahn secretly met with Cardinal Schuster, Archbishop of Milan, hoping the pope might serve as a "bridge" to the Allies. Mussolini himself made two parallel attempts to reach the pope through intermediaries. Monsignor Tardini advised the pope against involvement, noting the Allies' insistence on "unconditional surrender" and the risk of appearing to save "Nazism and fascism." The war in Italy ended in late April 1945. As Allied forces broke through German defenses and popular revolts erupted across northern cities, Mussolini made a desperate final attempt at negotiation. Fleeing northward to Lake Como with his mistress Clara, Mussolini was captured by partisans despite wearing a German uniform as disguise. After debate about his fate, partisan leader "Colonel Valerio" executed both Mussolini and Clara on April 28. Their bodies were taken to Milan's Piazzale Loreto and hung by their feet from a gas station scaffolding.

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第 9 章

Rewriting History: The Vatican's Postwar Narrative

The revisionist narrative began immediately after liberation. In June 1945, Italy's ambassador to Belgium claimed that Italy's racial laws "found scarce application" and were "sabotaged" by the people and administration, insisting persecution came "exclusively" from Germans while "the Italian people in all strata and the Italian clergy did all they could to hide and save the Jews." The Vatican's primary concern was preserving the 1929 concordat, recasting it as an agreement with "the Italian government" rather than the Fascist regime. When scholar Arturo Jemolo published a history in 1955 documenting the "cordial" church-Fascist relations, the Vatican quickly rejected his account, claiming the Church had always maintained a "correct, clear, and consistent" position, "steadfast in eternal principles." When Rolf Hochhuth's play "The Deputy" portrayed Pius XII turning a blind eye to the Holocaust in 1963, the Vatican pressured the Italian government to ban its performance. Giovanni Montini (soon to become Pope Paul VI) vigorously defended his former mentor, claiming Pius XII had spared "no effort" to prevent "horrors of mass deportation" and that history would vindicate his "vigilant, persistent, disinterested and courageous" conduct. The Vatican's 1998 statement "We Remember" further sanitized history by distinguishing between Christian "anti-Judaism" and Nazi "anti-Semitism," ignoring the Church's defense of anti-Jewish laws across Europe and the popes' long history of warnings about Jewish influence. Pius XII was recast as a heroic champion of the oppressed while erasing his efforts to avoid antagonizing Hitler and Mussolini. Fascist-supporting clergy largely escaped consequences. Archbishop Bartolomasi faced pressure only after months of papal foot-dragging. Hitler-friendly nuncio Cesare Orsenigo remained in his position until his death in 1946. Francesco Borgongini continued as ambassador to Italy until being elevated to cardinal in 1953. Mussolini's influential clerical supporters received honors-Father Agostino Gemelli returned to his post as Catholic University of Milan rector and now has Rome's major Catholic hospital named after him. Cardinal Schuster, long viewed as one of the Fascists' most important church supporters, was beatified in 1996.

第 10 章

The Moral Reckoning: Evaluating Pius XII's Wartime Leadership

Pius XII was not "Hitler's pope"-the Nazi regime was largely anathema to him and the Vatican. His relationship with Italian Fascism was much closer, with Italy functioning as a "clerico-Fascist" state. Mussolini occasionally interceded with Hitler on the Vatican's behalf. Many Italians prefer to remember Pius as heroic, part of a broader effort to recast Italy's Fascist past. The controversy over Pius XII's silence began almost immediately after the war. In October 1945, a Swiss newspaper condemned the Vatican's failure to speak out against Nazi atrocities. When the Vatican sought evidence to defend papal nuncio Orsenigo, Monsignor Tardini noted that Orsenigo's reports were "too optimistic" and "rather timid" toward Germans, while Vatican dispatches were too "bureaucratic" to satisfy critics. Pius XII distinguished between "bad" and "good" Fascists based on their attitude toward the Church. Those who respected Church prerogatives and offered state resources to strengthen it were "good," while those threatening Church influence were "bad." The pope was clearly intimidated by both Mussolini and Hitler. While his influence in Germany might have been limited, his influence in overwhelmingly Catholic Italy was enormous, as demonstrated by how quickly Fascism collapsed after Mussolini's deposition in 1943. This raises the question of what might have happened had the pope denounced Italy's entry into the war or the Fascist demonization of Jews. Rome's Jewish community sees things differently than the Vatican's defenders-the pope remained silent as over a thousand Jews were rounded up near the Apostolic Palace in October 1943 and sent to Auschwitz. Despite claims of behind-the-scenes intervention, "the action of the capture of the Jews did not suffer any pause" but "continued by the Germans in an undisturbed manner." On June 2, 1945, less than a month after Germany's surrender, Pius XII used his name day gathering to address National Socialism directly for the first time. He defensively justified his 1933 concordat with Germany, claiming it "procured some advantages, or at least prevented greater harm." The pope chronicled what he described as Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church, highlighting Catholic priests sent to concentration camps. Notably, he made no mention whatsoever of the extermination of Europe's Jews, portraying Catholics as the primary victims of Nazi oppression. He also avoided any reference to Italy's role in the Axis cause. The pope died on October 9, 1958, aged 82, having "killed himself with over-work." His successor, John XXIII, would soon convene the Second Vatican Council that would modernize the Church and end its demonization of Jews. But the debate over Pius XII's wartime leadership continues to this day, raising profound questions about moral courage, institutional survival, and the responsibilities of spiritual leadership in humanity's darkest hours.

★★★★★

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《战时教皇》摘要中的核心主题

vatican wartime diplomacy
institutional self-preservation
moral compromise
catholic church fascism
papal silence

《战时教皇》摘要精选金句

The secretum is sacred to us.
Errors happen everywhere.

《战时教皇》摘要中的人物

Pope Pius XIIThe pontiff who led the Church during WWII
Benito MussoliniThe Fascist dictator of Italy
Prince Philipp von HessenGerman aristocrat and secret envoy for Hitler
Pope Pius XIThe predecessor known for condemning Fascism

关于作者

戴维·伊兹拉·凯泽（David Israel Kertzer）是普利策奖获奖作品《战争中的教皇：庇护十二世、墨索里尼与希特勒秘史》（The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler）的作者，也是研究梵蒂冈政治和现代欧洲宗教冲突的顶尖历史学家。他是布朗大学的人类学和意大利研究教授，并于 2006 年至 2011 年担任该校教务长。凯泽擅长通过严谨的档案研究，揭示宗教、权力和外交之间的交集。

他的专业见解源于数十年对意大利政治史的研究，其代表作包括入围美国国家图书奖的《绑架埃德加多·莫塔拉》（The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara），以及荣获 2015 年普利策传记奖并被翻译成 11 种语言的《教皇与墨索里尼》（The Pope and Mussolini）。

凯泽的作品——包括《教皇反对犹太人》（The Popes Against the Jews）和《梵蒂冈的囚徒》（Prisoner of the Vatican）——将学术的严谨性与叙事驱动的故事讲述相结合，以此剖析机构权力的动态。作为美国艺术与科学学院院士，他的研究重塑了人们对梵蒂冈在 20 世纪地缘政治中所扮演角色的理解。

与前作一样，《战争中的教皇》（The Pope at War）利用此前封存的档案，揭示了庇护十二世在二战期间如何周旋于法西斯联盟之间。凯泽的书籍被翻译成多种语言，在有关宗教伦理和威权主义的辩论中被频繁引用，巩固了他作为教皇历史权威发声者的地位。

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This plan is essential for history buffs and strategic thinkers who want to understand the interplay between visible battlefields and the shadow world of espionage. It is ideal for those seeking to learn how statecraft, intelligence, and tactical evolution converge to win modern wars.

1 h 30 m•3 章节

学习计划

Study history of world war 2

World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history and fundamentally altered the course of the 20th century. This learning plan provides essential historical context for understanding modern geopolitics, international institutions, and ongoing discussions about human rights, making it valuable for students, history enthusiasts, and anyone seeking to comprehend today's global landscape.

5 h 20 m•4 章节

学习计划

Courts, Spies, and Cold Wars

This learning plan provides a deep dive into the evolution of power, from ancient court intrigue to the high-stakes espionage of the nuclear age. It is ideal for history enthusiasts and aspiring strategists who want to understand how secrecy and diplomacy have shaped the modern world.

2 h 30 m•5 章节

由哥伦比亚大学校友创建 | 源自旧金山

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说真的，我还没把这个 app 完全摸透，但用了这几天已经被惊艳到了… BeFreed 和我用过的任何学习类 app 都不在一个层级。它让人特别投入，还能实实在在地提升专注力，对刷手机停不下来的人来说太合适了！

@ladyInfinity

我买 BeFreed 正好 23 天，从那以后每天都在用。它已经完全融入了我的日常工作流和学习习惯。

@jayallen

说实话，这个 app 超出了我所有的预期。我可以让它就任何主题生成音频，无论是什么，效果都很惊艳。我的专业领域是心理治疗方向，而且是多学科交叉的，但它给出的内容非常准确。

@Raguipa

我最感激的是它大大减少了我刷手机的时间——花在搜索上的时间少了，吸收信息的时间多了。完整有声书、播客加上学习计划的组合，真的很出色。

@colonyofcreatorsNGO

我做 PhotoReading 快速学习讲师已经 24 年了… 书籍、阅读和学习就是我的本行，而 BeFreed 用一种创新的方式，把知识变得特别容易吸收，做得非常出色。

@BeFreed user

它不只是一个书籍摘要 app。我用过「有趣」这个阅读模式，比传统方式的摘要好得多，理解观点也更容易，光这一点就值回票价。

@austinakon

我爱这个 app。用了几天，完全停不下来。作为开始，再好不过了。

@jcrules328

我真的很喜欢这个产品；已经试用了大概一个月，感觉挖到宝了。它特别好用，因为我可以用 BeFreed 创建自己想学的主题，声音也很棒，旁白选择多到用不完。

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@BeFreed user

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@BeFreed user

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我特别喜欢它能把有用的信息和想法浓缩成 8-15 分钟的播客式音频。我本来不太爱听播客，因为废话太多，但它把这些全都去掉了。

@BeFreed user

我正在读博士的最后阶段，需要读大量不熟悉的材料… 用 BeFreed，只要输入一个提示，app 就会帮你找到源材料并生成一期音频播客。我觉得 BeFreed 的流程比 NotebookLM 更顺畅。

@Brad

我经常在做早餐、散步、通勤的时候上 YouTube 找点东西听，而 BeFreed 提供了更有针对性的选择，没有广告，也没有废话！

@BeFreed user

这个平台最棒的地方是它的多面性。真的没有任何主题是它讲不了的，你丢给它什么它都能处理… 很少能找到一个毫无限制、又真正兑现承诺的学习工具。

@jayallen

BeFreed 太棒了。界面好用，让我花在找功能上的时间更少，花在学习上的时间更多。有声书、播客和学习计划的组合是天才设计，彻底改变了我的日常。

@BeFreed user

一开始我花了点时间才弄明白怎么生成意大利语的播客，然后就——哇！太棒了！我可以让它讲解任何一个话题，它讲得又好又聪明！

@matteo77

BeFreed 已经成了我每天都用的有声书 app… 我最喜欢的是，把自己的文字放进去，它就能生成随时随地都能听的音频。

@kotanzu1

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第 10 章

《战时教皇》摘要

《战时教皇》摘要概述

用不同学习方式探索《战时教皇》摘要

When the Vatican Chose Silence: The Pope Who Faced Hitler's War

The Diplomatic Pope: Eugenio Pacelli's Rise to Power

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

Secret Channels: The Pope's Hidden Negotiations with Hitler

War Clouds: The Pope's Failed Peace Initiative

从《战时教皇》摘要中收获更多

The Jewish Question: Selective Advocacy and Moral Compromise

Mussolini's War: The Church Embraces the Fascist Cause

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

Rome's Darkest Hour: The Roundup of Rome's Jews

The Fall of Fascism: The Pope's Delicate Balance

从《战时教皇》摘要中收获更多

Rewriting History: The Vatican's Postwar Narrative

The Moral Reckoning: Evaluating Pius XII's Wartime Leadership

你已读完《战时教皇》摘要

《战时教皇》摘要中的核心主题

《战时教皇》摘要精选金句

《战时教皇》摘要中的人物

关于作者

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Is The Pope at War by David I. Kertzer worth reading?

What archival discoveries does Kertzer highlight in The Pope at War?

发现更多

BeFreed 汇聚全球求知若渴的学习者

用不同学习方式探索《战时教皇》摘要

When the Vatican Chose Silence: The Pope Who Faced Hitler's War

The Diplomatic Pope: Eugenio Pacelli's Rise to Power

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

Secret Channels: The Pope's Hidden Negotiations with Hitler

War Clouds: The Pope's Failed Peace Initiative

从《战时教皇》摘要中收获更多

The Jewish Question: Selective Advocacy and Moral Compromise

Mussolini's War: The Church Embraces the Fascist Cause

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

Rome's Darkest Hour: The Roundup of Rome's Jews

The Fall of Fascism: The Pope's Delicate Balance

从《战时教皇》摘要中收获更多

Rewriting History: The Vatican's Postwar Narrative

The Moral Reckoning: Evaluating Pius XII's Wartime Leadership

你已读完《战时教皇》摘要

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