What is *A World in Disarray* by Richard Haass about?

*A World in Disarray* analyzes the erosion of global order post-Cold War, tracing geopolitical shifts, regional instability, and failures in international cooperation. Haass proposes "sovereign obligation"—a framework where states regulate internal actions affecting others (e.g., terrorism, climate change)—and emphasizes U.S. leadership renewal to address crises like nuclear proliferation and cyber threats.

Who should read *A World in Disarray*?

Policymakers, students of international relations, and readers interested in geopolitics will benefit from Haass’s analysis of modern disorder. Its blend of historical context, regional case studies (Middle East, Asia, Europe), and pragmatic solutions makes it relevant for those examining U.S. foreign policy or global governance challenges.

What is "sovereign obligation" in *A World in Disarray*?

"Sovereign obligation" expands traditional sovereignty by requiring states to prevent internal actions (e.g., terrorism, cyberattacks) from harming other nations. Haass argues this principle could address transnational issues like climate change, blending respect for borders with collective responsibility. Critics note challenges in enforcement and achieving global consensus.

How does *A World in Disarray* assess U.S. foreign policy?

Haass critiques post-Cold War U.S. missteps, including overreach and inconsistency, but stresses that American leadership remains irreplaceable. He urges domestic reforms (e.g., reducing political polarization, fiscal discipline) to strengthen global influence, particularly in managing rising powers like China and Russia.

What regions does *A World in Disarray* focus on?

The book examines instability in the Middle East (e.g., terrorism, sectarian conflicts), Asia’s power struggles (China’s rise, North Korea), and Europe’s challenges (Brexit, Russia’s aggression). Haass highlights how regional dysfunctions exacerbate global disarray and require tailored diplomatic strategies.

Does *A World in Disarray* address climate change?

Yes. Haass identifies climate change as a "global gap" issue where national actions (or inactions) disproportionately affect others. He advocates for "sovereign obligation" to enforce accountability, though acknowledges the difficulty of reconciling differing national interests.

What is "World Order 2.0" in the book?

"World Order 2.0" is Haass’s proposed system updating Westphalian principles. It combines sovereignty with obligations to mitigate cross-border threats (e.g., nuclear proliferation, pandemics). This framework relies on coalitions of states and institutions to enforce norms, though implementation hurdles persist.

How does *A World in Disarray* view Russia and China?

Haass argues post-Cold War U.S. policies failed to integrate Russia and China into the international system, fueling their revisionist ambitions. He recommends balancing deterrence with cooperation, such as incentivizing China to uphold trade norms and countering Russian aggression in Europe.

《失序的世界》摘要

美国外交政策与旧秩序的危机

理查德·哈斯

3.75(2230 Reviews)

《失序的世界》摘要概述

理查德·哈斯（Richard Haass）的《失序时代》（A World in Disarray）揭示了二战后的全球秩序是如何分崩离析的。这位对外关系委员会主席提出的“世界秩序 2.0”概念，通过将主权重新定义为义务，在政策制定者中引发了激烈辩论——这是在日益两极化消失的世界中航行的蓝图。

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第 1 章

When the World Lost Its Way

The 2016 Brexit vote and U.S. presidential election revealed a world at a crossroads. As Donald Trump's "America First" message resonated with millions and Britain chose to leave the European Union, the post-Cold War international order seemed to be crumbling before our eyes. Richard Haass's "A World in Disarray" arrived at this pivotal moment, offering a clear-eyed assessment of how we reached this point of global disorder. The book quickly became required reading in diplomatic circles and policy schools worldwide, with Barack Obama reportedly finishing it just before leaving office. Even celebrities like George Clooney cited it when discussing global affairs in interviews. What makes this work particularly significant is Haass's unique position as president of the Council on Foreign Relations and his extensive government service spanning multiple administrations. His analysis isn't just academic theory-it's informed by decades of firsthand experience navigating the complexities of international diplomacy.

第 2 章

The Evolution of World Order

The concept of "world order" isn't some idealized state of harmony but rather a neutral description of how international relations function at any given moment. Throughout history, order has always required two essential elements: legitimacy (agreement about acceptable behavior) and power (the capability to enforce rules). The classical notion of international order emerged from the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended Europe's devastating Thirty Years War. This revolutionary agreement established a system where sovereign states interacted as formal equals within a common secular legal framework, regardless of size or internal governance. It marked a profound shift from a world dominated by religious empires to one of secular sovereign states with equal rights-at least in principle. The Concert of Europe, established after the Napoleonic Wars through the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815), further refined these Westphalian concepts. This diplomatic system prioritized stability over justice through frequent high-level consultations among major powers. Despite the nineteenth century's problems, it maintained relative peace compared to the century that followed. This Westphalian order began unraveling in the late nineteenth century due to two critical developments. First, new nation-states emerged (particularly Germany) that rejected the territorial status quo. Second, traditional powers like Austria-Hungary, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire were weakening or collapsing. The result? Two catastrophic world wars that demonstrated how quickly international order could disintegrate. The aftermath of World War II differed fundamentally from that of World War I. Instead of imposing punitive peace terms, the victors implemented a transformational approach with Germany and Japan. Both defeated powers were occupied and remade into democratic societies with robust checks and balances. This represented a significant departure from Westphalian principles, recognizing that a country's internal governance affects international stability. Though partly motivated by idealism, this approach was primarily driven by Cold War realism-the West needed strong, non-Communist allies in Europe and Asia to counter Soviet influence. The experiment succeeded remarkably, with both nations becoming stable democracies, economic powerhouses, and pillars of the international order.

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第 3 章

When Nuclear Weapons Changed Everything

Ironically, much of the international order in the second half of the twentieth century was forged with a nondemocratic adversary dedicated to defeating the United States-the Soviet Union. Despite their profound ideological differences, the Cold War remained remarkably restrained given the stakes involved. This restraint stemmed from several factors. First, a military balance existed through NATO and the Warsaw Pact, making any European conflict costly and uncertain. Second, the United States strengthened potential Soviet targets through programs like the Marshall Plan and security alliances worldwide. Third, America demonstrated willingness to act when necessary, as shown in the Berlin Airlift, the Korean War, and Vietnam. Most critically, nuclear weapons fundamentally altered great power competition. Both superpowers recognized that direct confrontation could escalate to nuclear exchange where costs would dwarf any gains. This nuclear deterrence, especially the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), eliminated incentives for first strikes and dampened competition between the dominant powers. Arms control agreements further bolstered stability. The SALT and START treaties limited weapon numbers while ensuring neither side could strike first with confidence. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972 reinforced deterrence by severely limiting defensive systems, ensuring both sides remained vulnerable to retaliation. Transparency through monitoring mechanisms, satellites, and established communication channels like hotlines prevented misunderstandings and reduced risks during crises. Despite being rivals, the superpowers maintained normal diplomatic relations through embassies, consulates, summits, trade, and cultural exchanges. Both sides demonstrated crucial restraint in their approaches to each other's spheres of influence. The US rejected early calls for "rolling back" Communism in Eastern Europe and remained circumspect during uprisings in Hungary (1956), Czechoslovakia (1968), and Poland (1970). Similarly, Soviet intervention in Latin America was limited primarily to intelligence, military assistance, and subsidies rather than direct military action. This mutual restraint wasn't without close calls-the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 being the most dangerous-but even then, flexibility and face-saving compromises prevailed. The bipolarity of the international system itself contributed to stability, as managing a world with two principal centers of power proved simpler than today's diffuse power structure.

第 4 章

Building a Parallel World Order

The Cold War wasn't the only source of order after World War II. A parallel "post-World War II order" operated alongside it with economic, political, diplomatic and strategic dimensions. While the Cold War order largely disappeared with the Soviet Union's demise, this second order continues to influence international relations today. The economic dimension aimed to promote trade, development, and monetary stability in the non-Communist world. The Bretton Woods system, created in 1944, established the World Bank to promote recovery and development while making the dollar the effective world currency, backed by gold. The International Monetary Fund provided temporary loans to governments with deficits. Trade issues were addressed through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which evolved over fifty years into the World Trade Organization. The United Nations formed the centerpiece of the diplomatic dimension. It was designed as a global forum to prevent or resolve international disputes, with its Charter instructing parties to seek peaceful solutions. The UN could also authorize force under Chapter VII to maintain international peace and security, though it clearly discouraged force as a means of settling disagreements. The Security Council, with five permanent members holding veto power, was given "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security." The strategic pillar aimed to forestall risks to peace through initiatives like the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). This addressed the danger of nuclear proliferation through a series of bargains: nuclear states wouldn't transfer weapons technology and would work toward disarmament, while non-nuclear states wouldn't acquire weapons and would accept verification inspections. In Europe, regional integration began with the European Coal and Steel Community, designed to bind Germany and France so closely that another war between them would become unthinkable. This evolved into the European Community and later the European Union, broadening membership and deepening policy coordination. Decolonization was another crucial element. Both superpowers supported independence for colonies-the Soviets seeing opportunities to win converts, the Americans fearing colonial populations would turn to communism if denied independence. Ironically, while decolonization was viewed as necessary for order, it often created disorder. The British withdrawal from South Asia in 1947 triggered violent partition between India and Pakistan. Their departure from Palestine in 1948 led to Israel's establishment and immediate war. The political dimension included the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), which established that individuals, not just states, possessed rights. Though lacking enforcement mechanisms and often ignored by signatories, it represented an important principle. A final element was the legal order facilitating commerce, travel, communication and other interactions between people, corporations and countries.

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第 5 章

The Paradox of Post-Cold War Stability

By historical standards, major power relations in the quarter century after the Cold War have been relatively good. Unlike previous centuries where competition between powers often led to devastating conflicts, direct confrontation between major powers has been largely absent. Yet paradoxically, we still live in a world in disarray. This relative stability among great powers stems from several factors: pronounced U.S. military primacy that discouraged direct challenges; powers focusing more on internal economic development than external conquest; economic interdependence serving as a bulwark against conflict; and democratic alliances binding the U.S., Europe and Japan. China concentrated on economic growth while Russia, despite its concerns with maintaining territorial control, was not positioned for global confrontation. The relationship between the United States as the dominant power and China as the rising challenger has defied historical patterns of inevitable conflict. Despite the "Thucydides Trap"-named after the ancient Greek historian who chronicled the war between rising Athens and established Sparta-Sino-American relations remained surprisingly good after the Cold War. Economic ties filled the vacuum left by their shared Soviet adversary, with two-way merchandise trade growing from $20 billion in 1990 to nearly $600 billion twenty-five years later. China's post-Mao strategy required regional stability and good relations with America to achieve rapid economic development, while the United States sought access to China's massive market. Their economic interdependence created mutual vulnerability-China needed American markets and technology, while America relied on China to purchase its debt. Recent years have seen deterioration in relations due to China's assertive regional behavior, military buildup, intellectual property theft, and persistent trade imbalances. China, meanwhile, resents American technology export restrictions, military support for Taiwan, and perceived double standards regarding territorial disputes. Many Chinese believe America deliberately obstructs China's emergence as a global power, as evidenced by U.S. resistance to the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Relations with post-Soviet Russia were problematic from the outset. Though perhaps inevitable given Russia's diminished status-retaining a UN Security Council seat and nuclear arsenal but becoming a superpower in name only-American actions exacerbated the situation. NATO enlargement proved one of the most consequential and controversial post-Cold War policies. Rather than disbanding after fulfilling its Cold War mission, NATO survived by adopting new roles: conducting operations in places like the Balkans and Afghanistan, while incorporating newly liberated Eastern European states seeking insurance against potential Russian resurgence. Russia grew increasingly uneasy as NATO expanded eastward, first admitting the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland in 1999, then seven more countries in 2004, while initiating membership talks with Georgia and Ukraine. The Ukraine crisis proved most damaging when Russia responded to political changes in Kyiv by annexing Crimea and supporting separatists in eastern Ukraine.

第 6 章

The Global Governance Gap

Order in international relations depends on three critical criteria: widely shared rules and principles, broadly accepted processes for applying these rules, and a balance of power. By these measures, the post-Cold War order has proven both incomplete and fragile, despite initial optimism following the Gulf War of 1990-1991. The collapse of the Soviet Union's dual empires unleashed nationalist forces previously kept in check by Moscow. While some transitions proceeded smoothly, Yugoslavia's disintegration descended into violence. This highlighted tensions between competing principles of international order: self-determination versus state sovereignty. While self-determination for colonial peoples was widely accepted, applying this principle to groups within established nation-states threatened sovereignty itself. Weak states presented another challenge, as demonstrated by Somalia, Haiti, and Rwanda. The Rwanda genocide, where nearly one million Tutsis were killed while the world stood by, profoundly shaped later views on humanitarian intervention. These crises highlighted the challenge of governments attacking or failing to protect their own citizens, leading to the 2005 "Responsibility to Protect" (R2P) doctrine. However, Syria became R2P's devastating failure, as the Assad regime's brutal response to 2011 protests evolved into civil war with hundreds of thousands killed and half the population displaced. Nuclear proliferation represents another governance gap. The cases of Israel, India, North Korea, Pakistan, and Iran collectively represent a partial erosion of the global nonproliferation regime. U.S. influence was limited by determined nationalism in these countries and undercut by other governments with different priorities. American policymakers faced difficult trade-offs between nonproliferation and other strategic interests. More troubling, recent history has taught dangerous lessons about nuclear weapons. Ukraine voluntarily relinquished its nuclear arsenal only to be invaded by Russia two decades later. Iraq was forced to abandon its nuclear program before being invaded in 2003. Libya gave up its program only to see its government toppled. Meanwhile, nuclear-armed North Korea remained protected from military intervention-powerful evidence that nuclear weapons provide security against foreign attack. Climate change exemplifies globalization's reach-borders are irrelevant as local activities create global consequences. While there's broad agreement about its reality and human causes, consensus breaks down on solutions and responsibilities. The 2015 Paris approach showed creativity by setting overall temperature goals while letting each nation determine its own carbon reduction commitments. Cyberspace presents governance challenges even more complex than nuclear technology. While nuclear programs require significant resources and are observable, cyberspace involves billions of actors with minimal barriers to entry. The internet's commercial importance makes restricting technology spread impossible, and attacks can be executed with disguised origins, undermining deterrence.

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第 7 章

A World of Regions

The post-Cold War era had its first major test in the Middle East, with the United States leading a broad coalition to restore order by denying Iraq's bid to take Kuwait by force. This regional order largely continued until 2003, when the U.S. attacked Iraq to change the regime, ostensibly due to WMD concerns but also driven by the belief that a democratic Iraq would transform the Middle East. The outcome proved disastrous-Iraq was less ready for democracy than anticipated, and U.S. decisions to dismantle the army and ostracize Ba'ath Party members fueled a civil war between Shia and Sunnis while enabling the rise of al-Qaeda in Iraq. The war's regional consequences were profound. Democracy was setback as it became associated with chaos. National identity in Iraq was superseded by sectarian and ethnic identities, while Sunni anger fueled terrorist recruitment. Iran emerged as the principal strategic beneficiary, no longer balanced by a strong hostile Arab regime. The Arab Spring protests spread across the Arab world with each country experiencing different outcomes. In Egypt, thousands protested against Hosni Mubarak's regime, which had introduced economic reforms but little political change while corruption flourished. Elections eventually brought Mohammed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood to power, but their rule lasted only about a year until summer 2013, when General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi responded to public pressure and ousted a government many Egyptians feared would fundamentally change society. Syria demonstrates how foreign policy inaction can prove as consequential as action. After protests began in March 2011 and were violently suppressed, President Obama called for Assad to step down in August without implementing policies to achieve this outcome. When the Assad regime used sarin gas in August 2013, killing approximately 1,500 civilians, the expected U.S. response faltered. This inaction emboldened Assad, demoralized the opposition, strengthened radical elements like ISIS and al-Qaeda, and damaged U.S. credibility globally. The Asia-Pacific region's stability stands in remarkable contrast to the Middle East despite numerous unresolved territorial disputes. This stability persisted through extraordinary economic transformation and military buildups. Three factors explain this stability: economic interdependence creating a collective bulwark against conflict; strong national identities and governments with long traditions; and continued U.S. military presence that deterred aggression while dampening pressures for nuclear proliferation. Europe's post-Cold War evolution centered on determining the appropriate degree of integration. The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 transformed the European Community into the European Union, adding a common foreign and security policy pillar and introducing a central banking system and common currency. However, many Europeans feared the loss of national identity and sovereign authority to Brussels bureaucracy. The last decade has seen Europe hamstrung by weak leadership, economic problems from lack of structural reform, and the mismatch between common monetary policy and nationally-determined fiscal policies.

第 8 章

Sovereign Obligation: A New Framework

The future of international order depends on whether major powers can develop common approaches to legitimacy. While sovereignty between states must remain central, an approach based solely on state sovereignty is increasingly inadequate in our interconnected world. Globalization means domestic events rarely stay local - whether financial crises, pandemics, or environmental disasters - necessitating a new concept: "sovereign obligation," which emphasizes not just the rights but the obligations states have toward other governments and their citizens. This framework differs fundamentally from "Responsibility to Protect" (R2P), which concerns a government's responsibilities to its own citizens. While R2P focuses inward, sovereign obligation looks outward, stemming from the realist tradition in American foreign policy. It concentrates on what countries do beyond their borders rather than the idealist/Wilsonian tradition that emphasizes shaping internal conditions of other societies. For example, a country's management of its rivers affects downstream nations, its financial regulations impact global markets, and its environmental policies influence climate change worldwide. Sovereign obligation represents realism updated for a globalized era. It maintains traditional respect for borders and the prohibition of territorial acquisition by force while acknowledging that interventions should be limited to genuine humanitarian purposes rather than regime change. The framework recognizes that self-determination should be considered as something granted rather than unilaterally asserted, with specific criteria including historical justification, demonstrable population support, and territorial viability. Recent cases like South Sudan and Kosovo illustrate both the possibilities and challenges of this approach. Multilateralism needs fundamental reconfiguration to embrace sovereign obligation as central to legitimacy. First, "best practices" multilateralism should become the norm for domestic policies with global impact, as demonstrated in the 2015 Paris climate meeting where countries agreed to specific national commitments within a global framework. Second, pragmatism must guide collective challenges through "designer multilateralism" that brings together the most relevant and capable actors rather than favoring inclusion for its own sake - as seen in the P5+1 Iran nuclear negotiations or the Arctic Council's focused membership. Third, relevant nonstate actors must participate in multilateral processes - from foundations and pharmaceutical companies in global health discussions to tech giants in cyberspace governance. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated this necessity, as private sector vaccine development and distribution became crucial to global response. Similarly, addressing cybersecurity threats requires cooperation between governments and major technology companies. This evolution reflects a world where state power alone cannot address transnational challenges effectively. The sovereign obligation framework also demands new mechanisms for accountability and enforcement. International institutions need updating to reflect both traditional state authority and new forms of influence and responsibility. This might include expanded roles for regional organizations, new frameworks for technology governance, and innovative approaches to managing global commons like oceans and space.

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第 9 章

America's Essential Role

The burden of creating and maintaining global order inevitably falls largely on the United States as the world's most powerful nation, since no other country or group has the capacity or mindset to build global order, and order never emerges automatically. This responsibility stems from America's unique combination of military might, economic strength, and diplomatic influence. While the European Union lacks unified foreign policy mechanisms, and China's regional ambitions generate mistrust, the U.S. maintains a global network of alliances and partnerships. Yet America faces numerous challenges: regional actors with incompatible interests, the need for alliances despite their limitations, and the reality that the U.S. cannot impose order unilaterally due to structural constraints and resource limits. For America to lead effectively abroad, it must strengthen its domestic foundation. The mounting national debt-approaching $14 trillion and 75% of GDP-represents a "slow-motion crisis" that threatens America's flexibility and global standing. With nearly half of U.S. public debt held by foreigners, particularly China, America risks becoming vulnerable to financial pressure during geopolitical crises. This economic vulnerability could constrain U.S. options during international disputes or force compromises on key strategic interests. To address these challenges, America needs comprehensive entitlement reform including raising retirement ages, means-testing Social Security, reforming Medicare and Medicaid, and avoiding false solutions like sequestration or debt ceiling standoffs. Defense spending must be maintained around 3% of GDP given global threats, from conventional military challenges to emerging cyber and space warfare domains. Trade policies should be pursued alongside robust programs to help displaced workers through retraining, portable benefits, and targeted assistance to communities affected by economic transformation. This balanced approach ensures America maintains both its economic competitiveness and social stability. Political dysfunction remains the greatest obstacle to necessary reforms. The weakening of political parties, increasingly polarized media landscape, special interest influence, and procedural obstacles have made compromise increasingly difficult. The rise of social media echo chambers and decline of shared civic discourse further compounds these challenges. Presidential leadership through both insider negotiation and public education is essential, as inconsistent American policy would undermine global stability and embolden rivals seeking to exploit perceived weakness. Disarray at home is thus inextricably linked to disarray in the world-a toxic combination that must be addressed before crisis forces change at an unacceptable cost. The doctrine of "sovereign obligation" represents a natural successor to containment, designed for a world where rivals are sometimes partners and collective efforts are required to meet common challenges like climate change, terrorism, and pandemic disease. This approach recognizes that American leadership must evolve beyond Cold War paradigms while maintaining core commitments to allies and global stability. Without American leadership grounded in domestic strength, the world will likely continue its slide toward greater disorder, with consequences that will eventually reach our shores in ways we cannot ignore, from economic disruption to security threats and environmental degradation.

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《失序的世界》摘要中的核心主题

westphalian sovereignty
international power balance
nuclear deterrence
global diplomatic order
post-cold war instability

《失序的世界》摘要精选金句

The post-Cold War international order seemed to be crumbling before our eyes.
Stability over justice.
Nuclear weapons fundamentally altered great power competition.
The UN clearly discouraged force as a means of settling disagreements.
The world lost its way.

《失序的世界》摘要中的人物

Richard HaassAuthor and president of Council on Foreign Relations

关于作者

理查德·N·哈斯（Richard N. Haass）是美国外交关系协会（Council on Foreign Relations）的名誉主席，也是畅销书《失序时代》（A World in Disarray）的作者。他将数十年的外交专业经验融入到了对全球动荡局势的分析中。哈斯曾是罗德学者，拥有牛津大学博士学位，曾在国务卿科林·鲍威尔（Colin Powell）任内担任政策规划主任，并曾领导北爱尔兰和阿富汗的和平谈判。

他的作品将他在共和党和民主党政府中的亲身经历，与对国际关系、民族主义和治理挑战的敏锐洞察相结合。

哈斯在外交政策领域拥有权威地位，共著有十四本书，其中包括《义务法案：好公民的十个习惯》（The Bill of Obligations: The Ten Habits of Good Citizens）。该书是《纽约时报》畅销书，重新构想了极化时代的公民责任。作为 NPR 和各大主流网络的常约评论员，他曾荣获总统公民勋章（Presidential Citizens Medal）和国务院杰出荣誉奖（State Department’s Distinguished Honor Award），以表彰其公共服务贡献。

《失序时代》已成为政治学课程和智库的必读书目，巩固了哈斯作为动荡时代清醒战略家的声誉。

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我做 PhotoReading 快速学习讲师已经 24 年了… 书籍、阅读和学习就是我的本行，而 BeFreed 用一种创新的方式，把知识变得特别容易吸收，做得非常出色。

@BeFreed user

它不只是一个书籍摘要 app。我用过「有趣」这个阅读模式，比传统方式的摘要好得多，理解观点也更容易，光这一点就值回票价。

@austinakon

我爱这个 app。用了几天，完全停不下来。作为开始，再好不过了。

@jcrules328

我真的很喜欢这个产品；已经试用了大概一个月，感觉挖到宝了。它特别好用，因为我可以用 BeFreed 创建自己想学的主题，声音也很棒，旁白选择多到用不完。

@DanielCZ

说真的，我还没把这个 app 完全摸透，但用了这几天已经被惊艳到了… BeFreed 和我用过的任何学习类 app 都不在一个层级。它让人特别投入，还能实实在在地提升专注力，对刷手机停不下来的人来说太合适了！

@ladyInfinity

我买 BeFreed 正好 23 天，从那以后每天都在用。它已经完全融入了我的日常工作流和学习习惯。

@jayallen

说实话，这个 app 超出了我所有的预期。我可以让它就任何主题生成音频，无论是什么，效果都很惊艳。我的专业领域是心理治疗方向，而且是多学科交叉的，但它给出的内容非常准确。

@Raguipa

我最感激的是它大大减少了我刷手机的时间——花在搜索上的时间少了，吸收信息的时间多了。完整有声书、播客加上学习计划的组合，真的很出色。

@colonyofcreatorsNGO

我做 PhotoReading 快速学习讲师已经 24 年了… 书籍、阅读和学习就是我的本行，而 BeFreed 用一种创新的方式，把知识变得特别容易吸收，做得非常出色。

@BeFreed user

它不只是一个书籍摘要 app。我用过「有趣」这个阅读模式，比传统方式的摘要好得多，理解观点也更容易，光这一点就值回票价。

@austinakon

我爱这个 app。用了几天，完全停不下来。作为开始，再好不过了。

@jcrules328

我真的很喜欢这个产品；已经试用了大概一个月，感觉挖到宝了。它特别好用，因为我可以用 BeFreed 创建自己想学的主题，声音也很棒，旁白选择多到用不完。

@DanielCZ

我特别喜欢它能把有用的信息和想法浓缩成 8-15 分钟的播客式音频。我本来不太爱听播客，因为废话太多，但它把这些全都去掉了。

@BeFreed user

我正在读博士的最后阶段，需要读大量不熟悉的材料… 用 BeFreed，只要输入一个提示，app 就会帮你找到源材料并生成一期音频播客。我觉得 BeFreed 的流程比 NotebookLM 更顺畅。

@Brad

我经常在做早餐、散步、通勤的时候上 YouTube 找点东西听，而 BeFreed 提供了更有针对性的选择，没有广告，也没有废话！

@BeFreed user

这个平台最棒的地方是它的多面性。真的没有任何主题是它讲不了的，你丢给它什么它都能处理… 很少能找到一个毫无限制、又真正兑现承诺的学习工具。

@jayallen

BeFreed 太棒了。界面好用，让我花在找功能上的时间更少，花在学习上的时间更多。有声书、播客和学习计划的组合是天才设计，彻底改变了我的日常。

@BeFreed user

一开始我花了点时间才弄明白怎么生成意大利语的播客，然后就——哇！太棒了！我可以让它讲解任何一个话题，它讲得又好又聪明！

@matteo77

BeFreed 已经成了我每天都用的有声书 app… 我最喜欢的是，把自己的文字放进去，它就能生成随时随地都能听的音频。

@kotanzu1

我特别喜欢它能把有用的信息和想法浓缩成 8-15 分钟的播客式音频。我本来不太爱听播客，因为废话太多，但它把这些全都去掉了。

@BeFreed user

我正在读博士的最后阶段，需要读大量不熟悉的材料… 用 BeFreed，只要输入一个提示，app 就会帮你找到源材料并生成一期音频播客。我觉得 BeFreed 的流程比 NotebookLM 更顺畅。

@Brad

我经常在做早餐、散步、通勤的时候上 YouTube 找点东西听，而 BeFreed 提供了更有针对性的选择，没有广告，也没有废话！

@BeFreed user

这个平台最棒的地方是它的多面性。真的没有任何主题是它讲不了的，你丢给它什么它都能处理… 很少能找到一个毫无限制、又真正兑现承诺的学习工具。

@jayallen

BeFreed 太棒了。界面好用，让我花在找功能上的时间更少，花在学习上的时间更多。有声书、播客和学习计划的组合是天才设计，彻底改变了我的日常。

@BeFreed user

一开始我花了点时间才弄明白怎么生成意大利语的播客，然后就——哇！太棒了！我可以让它讲解任何一个话题，它讲得又好又聪明！

@matteo77

BeFreed 已经成了我每天都用的有声书 app… 我最喜欢的是，把自己的文字放进去，它就能生成随时随地都能听的音频。

@kotanzu1

查看更多网络上关于 BeFreed 的讨论

开启你的学习之旅，就是现在

第 9 章

《失序的世界》摘要

《失序的世界》摘要概述

用不同学习方式探索《失序的世界》摘要

When the World Lost Its Way

The Evolution of World Order

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

When Nuclear Weapons Changed Everything

Building a Parallel World Order

从《失序的世界》摘要中收获更多

The Paradox of Post-Cold War Stability

The Global Governance Gap

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

A World of Regions

Sovereign Obligation: A New Framework

从《失序的世界》摘要中收获更多

America's Essential Role

你已读完《失序的世界》摘要

《失序的世界》摘要中的核心主题

《失序的世界》摘要精选金句

《失序的世界》摘要中的人物

关于作者

下载《失序的世界》摘要

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关于《失序的世界》摘要的常见问题

What is A World in Disarray by Richard Haass about?

Who should read A World in Disarray?

What is "sovereign obligation" in A World in Disarray?

How does A World in Disarray assess U.S. foreign policy?

该学习计划的一部分

Study politics, IR, philosophy & neuroscience

发现更多

BeFreed 汇聚全球求知若渴的学习者

用不同学习方式探索《失序的世界》摘要

When the World Lost Its Way

The Evolution of World Order

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

When Nuclear Weapons Changed Everything

Building a Parallel World Order

从《失序的世界》摘要中收获更多

The Paradox of Post-Cold War Stability

The Global Governance Gap

边听边看，每个词都清晰呈现

A World of Regions

Sovereign Obligation: A New Framework

从《失序的世界》摘要中收获更多

America's Essential Role

你已读完《失序的世界》摘要

用户还喜欢

该学习计划的一部分

Study politics, IR, philosophy & neuroscience

发现更多