第1章
The Remarkable Journey of a Victorian Adventurer
Winston Churchill's early life reads like a novel from another era-a tale so extraordinary that it has captivated readers for generations. Since its publication in 1930, "My Early Life" has remained one of Churchill's most beloved works, with figures from John F. Kennedy to Neil Gaiman citing it as a personal favorite. This memoir of Churchill's first 25 years reveals not just the making of a statesman, but the adventure story of a young man determined to place himself at the center of world events-by any means necessary. Written with the narrative flair that would later win him the Nobel Prize for Literature, Churchill's account offers us a window into a vanished world and the formative experiences of one of history's most consequential figures.
第2章
A Victorian Childhood: Neglect, Education, and Early Ambitions
Churchill's earliest memories were of Ireland, where his father served as secretary to the Duke of Marlborough, appointed Lord-Lieutenant by Disraeli in 1876. These early years were marked by parental distance-a common feature of aristocratic Victorian upbringing. His most significant emotional bond was with his nanny, Mrs. Everest, whom he called "Woom" and described as "my dearest and most intimate friend during the whole of the twenty years I had lived."
School proved a painful experience for the young Winston. At seven, he was sent to St. James's School, an expensive establishment modeling itself on Eton. Despite the institution's prestige, Churchill recalled it primarily for its brutality: "The floggings at St. James's School exceeded in severity anything that would be tolerated in any of the reformatories under the Home Office." His academic struggles began early-particularly with Latin, which would haunt him throughout his education. When confronted with "Mensa, a table," he famously questioned why anyone would say "O table," earning threats of punishment for his impertinence.
After illness prompted a transfer to a gentler school in Brighton, Churchill found himself at Harrow in 1888, placed "in the third division of the Fourth Form, which was the bottom but one of the whole school." This humble position had its advantages. While clever boys learned Latin and Greek, Churchill received intensive English instruction from Mr. Somervell, who taught him "to write simple English...a noble thing." This foundation in clear expression would later serve him well as an author, journalist, and orator.
Churchill's military ambitions emerged early. His collection of toy soldiers-nearly fifteen hundred strong-was organized as an infantry division with cavalry, while his brother Jack commanded the "hostile army" under a "Treaty for Limitation of Armaments" restricting him to colored troops without artillery. When his father asked if he'd like to join the Army, Winston immediately agreed, thinking it would be "splendid to command real soldiers." Years later, he learned his father had simply concluded he wasn't clever enough for the Bar.
第3章
The Path to Military Service: Examinations and Cavalry Dreams
Churchill's path to military service required navigating the examination system-a formidable obstacle for someone who struggled with academic subjects. After three attempts, he finally passed into Sandhurst, succeeding through determination and focused study of mathematics, which he described as "a strange sideway through a world of weird entities... quantities passing through infinity and changing their signs, cosines and tangents, mingled with square and cube roots."
His preference for cavalry over infantry stemmed partly from a desire to avoid walking ("I had very early acquired a taste for horses") and partly from the allure of the magnificent uniforms. When he qualified for a cavalry cadetship, his father was displeased, having already written to the Duke of Cambridge about placing Winston in the 60th Rifles. Lord Randolph reminded his son that in cavalry, one must maintain both man and horse-an understatement considering the multiple horses required for a proper officer.
At Sandhurst, Churchill found a fresh start. No longer handicapped by his past neglect of Latin, French, or Mathematics, he thrived in the curriculum of Tactics, Fortification, Topography, Military Law, and practical military skills. He developed a deep interest in his studies, building a small military library and excelling in tactical exercises. The practical work in field fortification particularly excited him-digging trenches, constructing breastworks, and learning to blow up bridges.
Churchill graduated eighth in his class of one hundred fifty, proving he could learn quickly when properly motivated. In March 1895, he was gazetted to the 4th Hussars, joining six weeks early for rigorous recruit officer training. Despite his previous riding experience, the regiment's equitation standards exceeded anything he'd known, and he trained alongside troopers, expected to set an example while performing challenging mounted drills.
第4章
Family Tragedy and Military Life
As Churchill embarked on his military career, personal tragedy struck. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was gravely ill yet persisted with his political work. In June 1894, Winston was granted special leave through his father's telegram to the Secretary of State. They parted at the station, with Lord Randolph patting his son on the knee in "a perfectly informing gesture." It was their final meeting-Lord Randolph died on January 24, 1895.
At twenty-one, Churchill became master of his own fortunes, with his forty-year-old mother as his ally rather than controller. They worked together on even terms, more like siblings than mother and son. Shortly after, Mrs. Everest, his beloved nanny, also died. Churchill traveled to her bedside in North London and brought a specialist to consult on her peritonitis. Death came easily to this woman who had lived "such an innocent and loving life of service." Years later, Churchill would reflect that when he thought of "poor old women with no one to care for them and nothing to live on," he was glad to have helped build "the structure of pensions and insurance" that especially helped them.
Military life in the 4th Hussars offered Churchill the "gay and lordly" existence of a cavalry officer in the late Victorian era. He described the unique thrill of cavalry maneuvers: "the glittering jingle of a cavalry squadron trotting on a good road" that deepened into "joyous excitement" at gallop. The stir of horses, equipment's clank, sense of incorporation in a living machine, and the uniform's "suave dignity" combined to make cavalry drill magnificent in his eyes.
Yet Churchill was already looking beyond routine military service. In the closing Victorian decade, the Empire had enjoyed such unbroken peace that medals and combat experience had become exceedingly scarce in the British Army. War service was held in tremendous esteem, offering swift promotion and distinction. Churchill and his fellow young officers envied those with battle experience and wondered if their chance would ever come.
第5章
Seeking Combat: Cuba and the Northwest Frontier
Determined to gain combat experience, Churchill used his winter break to travel to Cuba, where rebellion against Spain offered the only active conflict globally. Having secured introductions through his father's old friend Sir Henry Wolff, Churchill and his fellow subaltern Reginald Barnes sailed for Havana in November 1895.
In Cuba, they joined Spanish forces under General Valdez, marching through insurgent districts with loaded revolvers. Churchill observed the Spanish soldiers' impressive endurance and noted how they divided their day into two parts with a substantial midday rest-a practice he found superior to Anglo-Saxon habits. On his 21st birthday, November 30th, he heard shots fired in anger for the first time when rebels attacked the column.
After returning to England, Churchill sought further opportunities for action. In 1897, learning of the Pathan tribal revolt on India's Northwest Frontier, he immediately telegraphed Sir Bindon Blood, reminding him of his promise to include Churchill in any future expedition. Though initially told there were "no vacancies," Churchill secured leave from his regiment and traveled 2,028 miles from Bangalore to Nowshera in five sweltering days.
He eventually joined Blood's force as they moved through the valleys, deliberately provoking the tribesmen by driving off cattle and cutting crops. In the Mamund Valley, Churchill experienced intense combat when tribesmen attacked ferociously. During one harrowing retreat, he alternated between dragging wounded men and firing at tribesmen with a borrowed Martini rifle. Later, he was posted to the 31st Punjaub Infantry, which had only three white officers remaining besides the Colonel. Despite the language barrier-he knew only three words: "Maro!" (kill), "Chalo" (get on), and "Tally ho!"-Churchill managed to lead his men effectively.
Throughout this period, he dispatched accounts of the campaign both by telegram and letter to the Pioneer and the Daily Telegraph, beginning his career as a war correspondent that would eventually provide his path to financial independence and public recognition.
第6章
Literary Beginnings and Political Aspirations
During the winter of 1897-98, frustrated after missing the Tirah campaign, Churchill channeled his energy into his first serious literary venture. Using his anonymous letters to the Daily Telegraph as foundation, he meticulously crafted "The Story of the Malakand Field Force." He found himself in an impromptu race against Lord Fincastle, who was also documenting the expedition. Churchill's determination and natural writing ability prevailed - the book earned him 600, equivalent to two years' subaltern pay, in just a few months. This success opened his eyes to writing as a viable path to financial independence.
Churchill's discovery of his literary talents proved transformative. He developed a disciplined writing routine, dedicating four to five hours each morning to his craft, often working from bed with his papers spread around him. His venture into fiction soon followed with "Savrola," a novel centered on a charismatic liberal leader in an imaginary Mediterranean republic. Published serially in Macmillan's Magazine, the work revealed his early literary style - a distinctive blend of "Macaulay's staccato antitheses with Gibbon's rolling sentences and genitival endings," peppered with his own emerging voice and flair for dramatic narrative.
By 1899, Churchill had formulated an ambitious five-point plan: return to India to secure victory in the Inter-Regimental Polo Tournament, resign from the army, achieve financial independence from his mother's support, complete his new book and Pioneer letters, and launch his parliamentary career. He executed this plan with characteristic determination. The 4th Hussars' triumph in the 1899 tournament marked the successful completion of his military career, allowing him to resign his commission and focus on his twin ambitions of writing and politics.
The spring of 1899 brought his first political opportunity when he was invited to contest the seat at Oldham, following the unexpected death of Conservative member Robert Ascroft. Though he lost this initial election by 1,300 votes, the campaign provided invaluable experience in public speaking and political maneuvering. The defeat, rather than discouraging him, only strengthened his resolve to succeed in politics.
Meanwhile, his literary career gained momentum with "The River War," an ambitious two-volume history of the Sudan campaign. This work demonstrated Churchill's maturing abilities as a historian, expanding far beyond a simple military chronicle to encompass broader themes of imperialism, religious fanaticism, and military strategy. The book showcased his talent for combining detailed research with compelling narrative, establishing patterns that would characterize his later historical works.
第7章
War Correspondent and Prisoner of War
When the South African War erupted in October 1899, Churchill seized an extraordinary opportunity as principal War Correspondent of the Morning Post, commanding an impressive salary of 250 pounds monthly, all expenses paid, and complete editorial freedom. The position perfectly aligned with his dual ambitions for military adventure and journalistic achievement. He departed aboard the Dunottar Castle alongside Sir Redvers Buller and his entire Headquarters Staff, using the voyage to forge valuable military connections and gather preliminary insights for his dispatches.
In South Africa, Churchill's characteristic blend of courage and impetuosity led him to join an armoured train reconnaissance mission that would dramatically alter his life's trajectory. On November 15, 1899, while traveling near Chieveley, Natal, the train was ambushed and derailed by Boer forces in a carefully planned attack. Churchill, though technically a civilian correspondent, immediately assumed a leadership role. Under intense rifle fire, he coordinated efforts to clear the track of derailed cars, demonstrating remarkable composure while organizing the rescue of wounded men. His actions helped save numerous lives as he assisted in loading injured soldiers onto the partially functioning engine. However, when he returned to search for the commanding officer, Lieutenant Haldane, he was captured by mounted Boer soldiers led by General Joubert.
Churchill's imprisonment in the State Model Schools in Pretoria proved to be, by his own vivid account, the most emotionally challenging period of his life. "Imprisonment is a melancholy state," he wrote, "you live at your enemy's mercy, must obey their orders, and endure endless boredom while great events and opportunities pass you by." The confinement was particularly galling for the ambitious 25-year-old, who watched helplessly as the war continued without him. Despite relatively comfortable conditions, including access to books and occasional visitors, Churchill's restless spirit could not accept captivity. Within weeks, he had meticulously crafted an escape plan, studying guard patterns and gathering essential supplies.
On December 12th, seizing a momentary lapse in surveillance when two sentries turned away, Churchill vaulted over the prison's high wall. What followed was an extraordinary 300-mile journey to freedom that would captivate the British public. He first walked brazenly through Pretoria's streets, using his command of Afrikaans and remarkable self-assurance to avoid suspicion. Eventually, he found sanctuary with John Howard, manager of the Transvaal Collieries and a courageous British sympathizer. Howard initially concealed Churchill in a deep mine shaft, then ingeniously arranged for him to be smuggled out in a wool shipment bound for Portuguese East Africa via Delagoa Bay. After a harrowing journey by rail and on foot, Churchill successfully crossed into Portuguese territory and made his way to Durban, where he received a hero's welcome. His escape made headlines across the Empire and transformed him from a mere war correspondent into a national celebrity, marking the beginning of his rise to prominence in British public life.
第8章
From Military Fame to Political Career
Churchill's dramatic escape from Boer captivity catapulted him to celebrity status in England. The railway workers and wounded soldiers from the armoured train incident had significantly embellished his role in the engagement, describing acts of extraordinary bravery and leadership. Press correspondents, eager for heroic stories from the front, transmitted these enhanced accounts across the British Empire. His subsequent escape, following nine days of intense public suspense, triggered widespread celebration throughout Britain. The nation, demoralized by a series of humiliating military setbacks in South Africa, found particular satisfaction in stories of a young British officer outsmarting the Boers through cunning and determination.
Upon rejoining the army, Churchill participated in several major campaigns, including the Relief of Ladysmith, where he served as both soldier and war correspondent. He distinguished himself in various cavalry actions and continued his dispatches to the Morning Post, building his reputation as both a military man and journalist. By mid-1900, sensing greater opportunities ahead, he decided to leave the army and return to Britain, where a general election was approaching.
The "Khaki Election" of 1900, so named because of its focus on the war effort, presented Churchill with his chance. Running again in Oldham, where he had previously failed, his wartime fame proved decisive. He won the seat by a narrow margin of 230 votes, marking the beginning of his parliamentary career at the age of twenty-six. His campaign speeches, combining patriotic fervor with calls for military reform, resonated with voters who saw him as both a war hero and a fresh political voice.
As a new MP, Churchill initially aligned himself with the Conservative government, but his independent streak quickly became apparent. While supporting the overall prosecution of the war to its conclusion, he advocated for significant military reforms, including the expansion and modernization of the army. He particularly emphasized the need for better-trained and better-equipped forces, drawing from his firsthand experience in South Africa. His moral stance against certain wartime practices, such as the burning of Boer farms and the execution of captured Boer commanders, set him apart from Conservative hardliners who favored a more ruthless approach.
Despite receiving considerable support and mentorship from Conservative leaders, particularly Arthur Balfour and Joseph Chamberlain, Churchill found himself increasingly drawn to Liberal ideas. The intellectual depth and broader worldview of Liberal leaders like Lord Rosebery, H.H. Asquith, Edward Grey, and especially John Morley deeply impressed him. Having bypassed the traditional university education where many of his peers had developed their political philosophies, Churchill maintained a somewhat idealistic approach to politics. He firmly believed that his primary duty was to determine what was right and advocate for it fearlessly, even if this meant challenging party orthodoxy. This principled but politically naive stance would eventually lead to his dramatic crossing of the floor to join the Liberal Party, marking a crucial turning point in his political career.
第9章
Financial Independence and the Dawn of a New Century
To secure his financial independence before fully focusing on politics, Churchill embarked on an exhaustive lecture tour after the election. In England, the greatest personages presided over his talks, with packed halls everywhere as he recounted his adventures with magic lantern illustrations. He rarely earned less than 100 nightly, sometimes over 300, banking 4,500 in November alone after touring just half of Britain.
His American tour brought different challenges-many Americans supported the Boers, and Irish communities showed active hostility. Nevertheless, Churchill persevered, adapting his presentations to win over skeptical audiences. By mid-February 1901, he had earned nearly 10,000 from his speaking tours, achieving complete financial independence.
As the new century dawned, Churchill sensed profound changes approaching. Lord Percy, his friend and fellow "Hooligan" in their small Parliamentary society, predicted with strange assurance an era of "fearful wars and unmeasured terrors," using the word "Armageddon." Meanwhile, Chamberlain prophetically told Churchill and his friends: "Tariffs! There are the politics of the future, and of the near future. Study them closely and make yourselves masters of them."
Indeed, the fiscal debate would soon lead Churchill to break with the Conservative Party and cross the floor to join the Liberals in 1904. But that story-along with his subsequent rise to ministerial office, his role in the First World War, his wilderness years, and his ultimate triumph as wartime Prime Minister-lay beyond the scope of his early life narrative.
Churchill concluded his memoir with characteristic understatement: "Events in the fiscal sphere would soon plunge me into new struggles that absorbed my thoughts and energies until September 1908, when I married and lived happily ever afterwards." The young man who had sought adventure, fame, and independence had found all three-and stood poised at the threshold of one of history's most remarkable political careers.
第10章
The Education of Winston Churchill
The intellectual awakening that would shape Churchill's political thought began during his time in India. It was not until the winter of 1896, approaching his twenty-second year, that "the desire for learning" truly seized him. During the long, hot afternoons in Bangalore, he devoured Gibbon's "Decline and Fall," scribbling opinions in the margins. From Gibbon he moved to Macaulay, then to Plato, Aristotle, Schopenhauer, Malthus, and Darwin.
This self-directed education lacked the guidance of scholars who might have directed his reading, yet Churchill approached these works "with an empty, hungry mind and fairly strong jaws." His religious views underwent transformation as he read books challenging his Harrow education, though he developed a practical philosophy: enjoying both reason's explorations and faith's comforts without worrying about inconsistency, "believing what I wanted while letting reason pursue unfettered paths."
This period of intellectual growth coincided with his development as a polo player. Within six weeks of landing in India, the 4th Hussars entered the Golconda Cup tournament in Hyderabad. Despite being expected underdogs against the formidable Golconda Brigade team, they achieved victory, establishing "the unprecedented record of winning a first-class tournament within fifty days of landing in India."
Churchill's dual pursuit of intellectual and physical excellence exemplified the Victorian ideal of the well-rounded gentleman. Yet his independent thinking and willingness to question orthodoxy already hinted at the unconventional statesman he would become-one who would later write that he had "always disagreed alternately with both historic English parties," urging "fighting wars with might and main until overwhelming victory, then offering friendship to the vanquished-against Pacifists during quarrels and against Jingoes at their close."
第11章
The Making of a Public Figure
Churchill's early experiences forged the qualities that would define his later career. His military service taught him courage under fire and firsthand knowledge of warfare's realities. His journalism and writing developed the powerful communication skills that would make him one of history's greatest orators. His travels gave him a global perspective rare among his contemporaries.
Most importantly, his early setbacks-academic struggles, military capture, political defeat-instilled the resilience that would sustain him through the darkest days of World War II. As he wrote of his escape from the Boers: "With hope gone but fear also absent, I resolved to follow the railway to Delagoa Bay, using Orion as my guide just as it had once led me to the Nile. Walking with exhilarated abandon past picket fires and bridge watchers, I took minimal precautions-perhaps that was why I succeeded."
This combination of calculated risk-taking, physical courage, and literary flair made Churchill a compelling figure to the Victorian public. His early life reads as a series of adventures worthy of the popular fiction of his day, yet with the added dimension of serious purpose and growing political conviction. The young man who had once written that "the structure of our country seemed firmly set, when its position in trade and on the seas was unrivalled, and when the realization of the greatness of our Empire and of our duty to preserve it was ever growing stronger" would live to see that world transformed beyond recognition.
By the close of his memoir in 1908, Churchill had already experienced more adventure than most men encounter in a lifetime. Yet his greatest challenges-and achievements-still lay ahead. The lessons of his early life would serve him well in the turbulent decades to come, as he navigated the collapse of empires, the rise of totalitarianism, and the greatest war in human history. In these formative years, we can already discern the essential Churchill: ambitious, courageous, literary, and above all, determined to place himself at the center of world-changing events.
